智能录井技术研究进展及发展展望

王志战

doi:10.11911/syztjs.2024099

智能录井技术研究进展及发展展望

王志战^{1, 2,}

1.
中国石化测录井重点实验室，北京 102206
2.
中石化石油工程技术研究院有限公司，北京 102206

基金项目: 中国石化科技攻关项目“岩屑自动化录井及多元信息在线检测技术研究”（编号：P23158）资助。

详细信息

作者简介:
王志战（1969—），男，山东栖霞人，1991年毕业于西北大学岩石矿物学及地球化学专业，2002年获石油大学计算机应用技术专业硕士学位，2006年获西北大学矿产普查与勘探专业博士学位，正高级工程师，长期从事录井基础理论与新技术新方法研究。系本刊编委。E-mail：wangzz.sripe@sinopec.com

中图分类号: P631.81
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-05-07
- 网络出版日期: 2024-10-08
- 刊出日期: 2024-09-24

Research Progress and Development Prospect of Intelligent Surface Logging Technology

WANG Zhizhan^{1, 2,}

1.
Sinopec Key Laboratory of Well Logging, Beijing, 102206, China
2.
Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China

摘要

摘要:
录井具有样品条件及制样工序复杂、采集项目多而离散、人工经验依赖性强且人均产值低等特点，亟需加强智能化转型，但相比于其他石油工程技术，智能录井技术进展缓慢，且局限于应用层面。为此，从智能钻井的进展与成效入手，分析了国内外智能钻井在硬件系统、控制系统、应用系统方面的进展与差距；然后，从地质录井、工程录井、智慧平台3个方面分析了智能录井的主要技术进展，包括“数据+”驱动和视觉驱动的岩性识别、流体识别、井下与地面风险识别及预警等。通过对比智能钻井与智能录井的现状，提出智能录井应强化井下智能录井、智能录井机器人等硬件系统及多场数字孪生、多元采集智能控制、多模态录井大模型、智能解释评价等软件系统的研发。同时强调，既要高度重视，又要理性看待智能录井的发展，要在回顾评价、横向对比的基础上，做好战略定位与研发流程优化，实现进度追赶与作用发挥。这些分析与观点，对推动智能录井实现良性、快速发展具有指导意义。
- 智能录井 /
- 智能钻井 /
- 机器人 /
- 数字孪生 /
- 大模型 /
- 智能控制
Abstract:
Surface logging has the characteristics of complex sample conditions and sample preparation process, numerous and discrete collection items, strong dependence on hands-on experience, and low per capita output. It is urgent to strengthen intelligentialization transformation. However, compared with other petroleum engineering technologies, intelligent surface logging is making slow advancement and facing application limits. Therefore, the progress and gap of hardware systems, control systems, and application systems of intelligent drilling in China and abroad were analyzed from the progress and achievement of intelligent drilling. Then, the main technical progress of intelligent surface logging was analyzed in terms of geological surface logging, engineering surface logging, and intelligent platform, covering “data +” driven and visually driven lithology identification, fluid identification, and downhole and surface risk identification and early alarming. Based on the comparison between intelligent drilling and intelligent surface logging, it was suggested that the research and development of hardware systems such as downhole intelligent surface logging, and intelligent surface logging robots, as well as software systems such as multi-field digital twins, multi-acquisition intelligent control, multimode large model of surface logging, and intelligent interpretation and evaluation should be strengthened. At the same time, it was emphasized that we should attach great importance to and rationally look at the development of intelligent surface logging and determine strategic positioning and process optimization on the basis of retrospective evaluation and horizontal comparison, so as to catch up with the progress and engagement. These analyses and viewpoints have guiding significance in promoting the benign and rapid development of intelligent surface logging.
- Intelligent surface logging /
- intelligent drilling /
- robots /
- digital twin /
- large model /
- intelligent control

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近年来，我国油气钻探发展迅速，钻井过程中遇到的地层情况也越发复杂，常规平面齿钻头钻速慢、抗冲性差和使用寿命短等问题逐渐突出^[1]。为提高钻头的破岩能力、延长其使用寿命，提高钻井效率，降低钻井成本，研制了多种非平面PDC切削齿^[2–5]，包括Stinger圆锥齿^[6-8]、屋脊齿^[9]等，可以提高PDC钻头的力学性能及其在特定地层的机械钻速。

2017年，国内研制了三棱形PDC切削齿（简称三棱齿）^[10]，其耐磨性能比常规的平面PDC齿提高58.6%，抗疲劳冲击性能提高95.7%，磨削载荷平均降低41.9%，其力学性能远远优于平面PDC切削齿。但三棱齿的金刚石工作表面具有特有的脊形结构，使其破岩机理和适用地层与常规平面齿有所不同^[11]。对三棱齿破岩机理认识不清楚，导致钻头设计方案不合理，不但影响钻进效果，还会造成切削齿磨损过快、折断和金刚石脱落等问题，导致钻井成本升高。为此，笔者采用数值模拟方法分析三棱齿破岩时的岩石应力和洛德角，并在室内试验进行单齿切削试验，探究三棱齿破岩时的各向切削力变化规律，结合现场试验对非平面三棱齿的实际应用效果进行分析和研究，探索其破岩机理和破岩特点，为非平面齿钻头设计提供理论依据。

1. 三棱齿破岩机理

三棱齿的三视图见图1，其中脊背长度L=3.0 mm，脊背倾角 $\gamma = 3^\circ$ ，脊背夹角 $\psi {\text{ = }}156^\circ$ ，直径D=15.88 mm，高度H=13.0 mm，齿边缘倒角C=0.4 mm，三棱齿的脊背处倒角均设置为1.0 mm。在此基础上，采用有限元软件，建立PDC切削齿破岩过程的有限元模型。选取武胜砂岩的力学性质参数作为岩石本构材料参数，密度为2.54 g/cm³，弹性模量为11.54 GPa，泊松比为0.062 MPa，抗拉强度为4.346 MPa，抗剪强度为13.56 MPa，抗压强度为67.548 MPa，内摩擦角38.03°，并根据圣维南原理，设定岩石模型尺寸为170 mm×50 mm×25 mm，岩石四周及底面边界自由度设置为0；三棱齿金刚石材料密度为15.4 g/cm³，弹性模量为890 GPa，泊松比为0.077^[12]。

图 1 三棱齿三视图

Figure 1. Three-view drawing of a triangular prismatic cutter

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三棱齿网格划分采用六面体网格，并使用减缩积分方法，结果如图2所示。岩石本构关系选用D-P准则，并定义了硬化特征；选用shear damage破坏准则，并设置损伤演化系数。将PDC切削齿绕钻头轴线的旋转切削简化为直线切削运动。为了计算方便快捷，切削齿视为刚体，忽略钻井液及温度的影响。

图 2 三棱齿切削破岩有限元模型

Figure 2. Finite element model of rock cutting by a triangular prismatic cutter

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相同切削参数下，隐去切削齿后，常规平面齿与三棱齿切削岩石时岩石应力状态如图3和图4所示。数值模拟结果表明，非平面PDC齿与常规平面齿破岩过程存在明显差别。常规平面齿切削岩石时，在切削齿边沿处存在较大的应力集中区域，说明其主要利用金刚石齿刃边沿接触岩石产生的应力集中破碎岩石；而三棱齿破碎岩石时，产生的应力集中区域主要分布于棱脊区域，即岩石与三棱齿脊背接触部分，说明三棱齿主要通过金刚石的脊形结构接触岩石产生较大的点载荷，产生小范围破碎吃入岩石。

图 3 常规平面齿中岩石Mises应力云图

Figure 3. Cloud map of Mises stress on rocks cut by a conventional planar cutter

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图 4 三棱齿中岩石Mises应力云图

Figure 4. Cloud map of Mises stress on rocks cut by a triangular prismatic cutter

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为了更准确和直观地比较三棱齿与常规平面齿破岩机理的差异，从数值模拟结果中提取切削瞬时岩石网格的三向主应力，得到各个网格的受力状态。岩石单元的应力提取位置如图5所示，以切削齿工作面前即将发生等效塑性应变岩石网格为第一排，间隔提取3排岩石网格的主应力数值。图5中1、2号网格为切削齿工作面上靠近切削齿中心处岩石，5、6号网格为靠近切削齿齿刃处岩石。

图 5 岩石单元的应力提取位置示意

Figure 5. Stress extraction location of rock element

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通过提取得到的主应力数据，计算得出每处网格洛德角 ${\theta }_{\sigma }$ 大小。岩石力学中的洛德角，可以反映岩石的受力状态形式，即3个主应力分量之间的比例关系，因此通过计算每个岩石网格的洛德角，能够得到切削齿切削破碎岩石时切削齿工作面前端区域的岩石受力状态，进而分析三棱齿与常规平面齿破岩时的差异。

根据岩土弹塑性力学，洛德角的计算公式为^[13]：

$\tan {\theta _\sigma } = \frac{1}{{\sqrt 3 }}\frac{{2{\sigma _2} - {\sigma _1} - {\sigma _3}}}{{{\sigma _1} - {\sigma _3}}} \; - 30^\circ \leqslant {\theta _\sigma } \leqslant 30^\circ$

(1)

式中： ${\theta }_{\sigma }$ 为洛德角，（°）； ${\sigma _1}$ ， ${\sigma _2}$ 和 ${\sigma _3}$ 分别为第一主应力、第二主应力和第三主应力，MPa。

${\theta _\sigma } = - 30^\circ$ 时，表示岩石单纯受拉； ${\theta _\sigma } = 0^\circ$ 时，表示岩石单纯受剪； ${\theta _\sigma } = 30^\circ$ 时，表示岩石单纯受压； $- 30^\circ \leqslant$ ${\theta _\sigma } \leqslant 0^\circ$ 时，表示岩石为拉伸剪切受力状态； $0^\circ \leqslant {\theta _\sigma } \leqslant$ $30^\circ$ 时，表示岩石为压缩剪切受力状态。

同样，提取三棱齿和常规平面齿的三向主应力，计算得到洛德角的变化情况（见图6和图7）。从图6和图7可以看出，2种切削齿的第一排网格为将要出现塑性变形的网格，其 ${\theta _\sigma }$ 均较大，岩石表现为明显受压状态，说明与切削齿工作面接触的岩石主要受到压缩和压剪作用开始产生塑性变形。

图 6 常规平面齿洛德角变化规律

Figure 6. Change rule of Lode angle of a conventional planar cutter

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图 7 三棱齿洛德角变化规律

Figure 7. Change rule of Lode angle of a triangular prismatic cutter

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常规平面齿与三棱齿的第二排和第三排网格的受力状态存在明显差异，图6的3—5号网格 ${\theta _\sigma }$ 偏小；图7的1—3号网格 ${\theta _\sigma }$ 偏小。这说明岩石进入塑性变形阶段后，与常规平面齿的边沿齿刃附近接触的岩石出现明显剪切和拉伸受力状态，靠近齿中心处岩石仍主要表现为压缩受力状态；而三棱齿在靠近齿中心区域的岩石出现明显的剪切和拉剪受力状态。以上研究表明，常规平面齿边沿的齿刃使岩石产生明显的剪切作用；三棱齿的脊形结构使靠近齿中心处岩石产生明显的剪切和拉剪作用，进而使岩石进入拉剪受力状态的区域增大。

从图3和图4的数值模拟结果中提取切削齿的切向力，得到切向力随时间变化的规律（见图8）。从图8可以看出，三棱齿的切向力波动幅度明显小于常规平面齿。同时，根据切向力均值，计算得到相同吃入深度、不同角度下切削齿破碎比功（见图9和图10）。从图9和图10可以看出，前倾角较大时，三棱齿的破碎比功低于常规平面齿；存在一定侧转角时，三棱齿的破碎比功也低于常规平面齿。

图 8 切向力随时间变化的规律

Figure 8. Change rule of tangential force with time

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图 9 破碎比功随前倾角变化的规律

Figure 9. Change rule of the crushing work ratio with the rake angle

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图 10 破碎比功随侧转角变化规律

Figure 10. Change rule of the crushing work ratio with the side rake angle

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2. 刮切试验研究

为了验证数值模拟结果的可靠性，同时了解三棱齿的破岩过程，采用牛头刨床试验机进行单齿直线刮切试验。试验条件与直线切削数值模拟的条件一致，切削齿直径均为15.9 mm，岩石选用表面平整的300 mm×250 mm×250 mm武胜砂岩。切削齿与齿座钎焊固定后安装在刨床刀柄上，并预设不同的切削齿角度、切削深度，采用牛头刨床为刀柄提供直线运动的动力，实现切削齿直线破碎岩石。

试验时进行3次重复刮切，计算单次刮切的切向力平均值，选择最接近3次刮切总切向力平均值的试验数据，通过数据采集系统，得到前倾角15°、切削深度1.5 mm时常规平面齿与三棱齿切向力的变化情况（见图11，图中虚线为切向力均值）。

图 11 三棱齿与常规平面齿切向力对比

Figure 11. Comparison of tangential force between triangular prismatic cutter and planar cutter

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从图11可以看出，在同一切削参数下，常规平面齿的切向力均值大于三棱齿。切削全过程切向力变化的标准差计算结果表明，三棱齿切向力标准差为349.09 N，常规平面齿切向力标准差为439.53 N，在相同条件下，三棱齿切削破碎砂岩所需的切向力及切向力波动幅度均小于常规平面齿，即三棱齿破碎岩石时受到的振动冲击小；且随着前倾角和侧转角增大，三棱齿的切向力及其波动幅度均有所增大。

对比试验结果与数值模拟结果发现，数值模拟结果与试验结果的误差率均小于15%，验证了数值模拟结果的可靠性。试验结果和数值模拟结果表明，三棱齿在切削岩石的过程中受到的切削力和切削力波动幅度均小于常规平面齿，可以推测三棱齿在实际施工条件下比常规平面齿的工作寿命更长。

3. 三棱齿PDC钻头现场试验

为验证数值模拟和室内试验的结论，在辽河油田进行了现场试验。辽河油区地层环境复杂，地层可钻性差，尤其是中生界以灰色厚层块状花岗质角砾岩为主，棱角状砾石含量一般大于50%，砾石成分以花岗质岩块为主，矿物为单颗粒石英、碱性长石和斜长石，岩性致密，研磨性高，冲击性强，极大地威胁切削齿和钻头的工作效率和寿命。

综合考虑三棱齿的耐磨抗冲性、拉剪破岩作用和切削力波动幅度较小的特点，在该地区某井进行了常规PDC钻头和三棱齿钻头同井对比试验。首先采用常规PDC钻头钻进，钻进井段3 839～4 057 m；随后钻头从角砾岩地层进入潜山混合花岗岩地层，地层的研磨性和冲击性增强，机械钻速降低，无法继续钻进，于是采用三棱齿钻头钻进，三棱齿钻头能够正常钻进，最终完成4 057～4 235 m井段的钻进，平均机械钻速5.93 m/h。

由试验结果可以看出，三棱齿钻头的工作地层主要是混合花岗岩地层，环境更加复杂与恶劣，但仍然能保证较大的进尺和较快的机械钻速，而常规PDC钻头在该地层无法顺利钻进，说明三棱齿比常规平面齿更加适用于钻进冲击大、研磨性强的混合花岗岩地层。三棱齿钻头出井后，三棱齿大多为正常的磨损失效，未出现明显的冲击破坏，说明三棱齿在花岗岩中表现出较强的抗冲击性能，这与数值模拟和室内试验的结论相符合，也表明三棱齿能够延长钻头的使用寿命。

4. 结论与建议

1）三棱齿工作表面特有的脊形结构，使其主要通过脊形结构产生点载荷和拉剪作用破坏岩石，能够减小切削齿受到的冲击，从而提高钻头的抗冲击能力，延长钻头的使用寿命，提高破岩效率。

2）三棱齿刮切破岩时的切向力及切向力波动幅度更小，对降低钻头破碎脆硬性岩石时的振动非常有利，同时可降低钻头的黏滑现象，提高钻头造斜能力。

3）现场试验表明，三棱齿布置于刀翼鼻部和肩部的PDC钻头，在冲击性强的混合花岗岩中仍具有较高的机械钻速，即三棱齿适用于钻进冲击性强、研磨性高的地层。

4）影响切削齿切削效果的实际因素较多，如温度、吃入岩石深度等都会对三棱齿的破岩机理和效率造成影响，建议今后应继续结合上述因素进行深入研究。

图 1 智能钻井系统组成

Figure 1. Composition of intelligent drilling system

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图 2 智能录井平台架构

Figure 2. Architecture of intelligent logging

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图 3 录井采集技术体系

Figure 3. Logging acquisition technology system

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表 1 录井与钻井智慧平台架构的对比

Table 1 Comparison of intelligent platform architecture between drilling and logging

层次	智能录井^[64]	智能钻完井^[1]	钻井^[28]
用户层	移动端、Pad端、PC端的实时监控、技术支持、协同研究、远程决策		钻井工程师、完井工程师、地质工程师、管理人员、管理员
网络层	局域网、广域网
应用层	数据管理平台（分类存储与查询等）、数据挖掘平台（统计分析方法）、成果输出平台（岩性自动识别、物性评价、油气层解释、工程智能预警等）	机械钻速智能预测与参数优化、井眼轨迹智能优化与闭环调控、钻井风险智能预警与动态调控、固井质量智能评价与优化控制、压裂方案智能设计和优化调控、完井方案智能设计与生产优化及钻完井多过程动态耦合与多目标协同优化	钻头选型、井壁稳定、钻速预测、卡钻预警、钻井参数优化等
装备层		智能钻头、井下测量短节、智能导向工具、智能钻杆、智能滑套、智能钻机
算法层/数据操作层		机理数据融化、数据增强、小样本学习、迁移学习、强化学习、卷积神经网络、小波分析、在线学习、图算法、遗传算法	数据清洗、资源调度、计算工程
数据层	各类录井仪器、传感器采集的数据、图像、音频/视频等信息	物探数据、综合录井数据、测井数据、岩心数据、地质资料数据、随钻数据、文档资料、其他数据	井信息、录井、测井、地质、地震实时级历时数据

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表 2 录井信息处理与解释评价技术体系

Table 2 Technical system of logging information processing, interpretation, and evaluation

录井信息处理	解释	评价及应用
深度校正与数据源深度匹配影响因素校正或消除散失量恢复或原位重构解谱解耦与信息挖掘曲线、图谱、影像特征提取多元、多维、多尺度数据融合平滑、抽稀、插值等处理标准化、归一化处理	岩性、岩相识别古生物鉴定及沉积环境识别成分及结构、构造识别地质层位及地质小层识别流体类型及赋存状态识别物源、油（气）源识别油（气）成因识别含水性及水型识别有效储层识别油气水层解释 VOCs类型识别钻井工况与安全风险识别高压层及其成因识别溢流预警井漏及其原因识别	物性及孔隙结构评价烃源岩特性评价脆性、岩石力学、可压性评价润湿性、水淹层评价含油气丰度及油气性质评价含水性或含水率评价甜点评价或产能预测单井评价或选区评价地层压力随钻评价可钻性、井壁稳定性评价井筒封闭性或盖层评价热储及锂、钾、铀丰度评价钻井地质设计水平井综合地质导向压裂选层

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1. 三棱齿破岩机理
2. 刮切试验研究
3. 三棱齿PDC钻头现场试验
4. 结论与建议

智能录井技术研究进展及发展展望

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