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我国非常规油气经济有效开发钻井完井技术现状与发展建议

袁光杰, 付利, 王元, 郭凯杰, 陈刚

袁光杰, 付利, 王元, 郭凯杰, 陈刚. 我国非常规油气经济有效开发钻井完井技术现状与发展建议[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2022, 50(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.11911/syztjs.2022002
引用本文: 袁光杰, 付利, 王元, 郭凯杰, 陈刚. 我国非常规油气经济有效开发钻井完井技术现状与发展建议[J]. 石油钻探技术, 2022, 50(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.11911/syztjs.2022002
YUAN Guangjie, FU Li, WANG Yuan, GUO Kaijie, CHEN Gang. The Up-to-Date Drilling and Completion Technologies for Economic and Effective Development of Unconventional Oil & Gas and Suggestions for Further Improvements[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2022, 50(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.11911/syztjs.2022002
Citation: YUAN Guangjie, FU Li, WANG Yuan, GUO Kaijie, CHEN Gang. The Up-to-Date Drilling and Completion Technologies for Economic and Effective Development of Unconventional Oil & Gas and Suggestions for Further Improvements[J]. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 2022, 50(1): 1-12. DOI: 10.11911/syztjs.2022002

我国非常规油气经济有效开发钻井完井技术现状与发展建议

基金项目: 中国石油天然气集团公司项目“水平井优质高效钻完井技术研究”(编号:2021DJ42)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    袁光杰(1974—),男,河北邢台人,1998年毕业于西南石油学院机械设计专业,2001年获西南石油学院油气井工程专业硕士学位,2004年获上海交通大学机械制造及其自动化专业博士学位,教授级高级工程师,主要从事非常规油气钻井完井技术、地下储库建库工程技术等方面的研究工作。E-mail:ygjdri@cnpc.com.cn

  • 中图分类号: TE24

The Up-to-Date Drilling and Completion Technologies for Economic and Effective Development of Unconventional Oil & Gas and Suggestions for Further Improvements

  • 摘要: 我国非常规油气资源储量丰富,探索经济有效开发的钻井完井技术体系,是加快其勘探开发进程与规模上产的关键。详细介绍了我国已形成的埋深3 500 m以浅非常规油气钻井完井技术体系,包括三维丛式井水平井井眼轨道设计、地质工程一体化设计与作业、强化钻井参数提速、深层页岩气控温钻井、地质导向钻井、高性能钻井液和高效固井等关键技术,指出目前仍存在工厂化作业模式未实现最优化、长水平段水平井钻井可重复性差、“一趟钻”技术与配套装备不成熟、抗高温高压材料及配套钻井工具欠缺等问题,提出了加快推广大平台丛式水平井工厂化作业模式、持续优化长水平段水平井钻井技术、践行地质工程一体化理念和开展抗高温高压材料研发及配套工具研制等发展建议,以大幅提升单井产量和采收率,实现非常规油气的高效勘探开发。
    Abstract: Abundant reserves of unconventional oil & gas resources occur in China. Exploring drilling and completion technology systems for the economic and efficient development is the key to speeding up the exploration and development process and scale up their production. This paper expounds the drilling and completion technology systems developed by Chinese researchers for unconventional oil & gas at less than 3 500 m depth. The key technologies in the systems involved wellbore trajectory design for three-dimensional cluster horizontal wells, design and operation of geology-engineering integration, rate of penetration (ROP) enhancement through drilling parameter optimization, managed temperature drilling of deep shale gas, geosteering, high-performance drilling fluid, and efficient cementing, etc. Nevertheless, it was noted that this systems still fell short in several ways. For example, optimal implementation of factory operation has yet to be achieved, the repeatability of horizontal well drilling with long horizontal sections was poor, the "one-trip drilling" technology and supporting equipment were not well established, and high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) resistant materials and supporting drilling tools were scant. Suggestions for further improvements were also put forward, such as accelerating the promotion of factory operation for large-platform cluster horizontal wells, continuously optimizing drilling technologies for horizontal wells with long horizontal sections, fulfilling the notion of geology-engineering integration, and conducting research & development (R & D) of HTHP resistant materials and developing supporting tools. These measures were expected to substantially boost the single well production and the recovery rate and thereby achieve efficient exploration and development of unconventional oil & gas.
  • 随着石油开采技术的发展,对井下流量测量的要求越来越高。特别是,井下低流量(流量小于5 m3/d)的检测一直是难点。相关的测量方法中,热式质量流量计启动流量小、测量精度高,认为是测量井下微小流量的最佳方法。

    目前,热式质量流量计通常用于检测气体流量[1-2],将其用于测量井下液相流量方面的研究国内尚不多见;而且,目相关研究主要集中在恒功率热式流量计方面[3-5]。与恒功率热式流量计相比,恒温差热式流量计功耗低、响应速度快,不仅适合于低流量测量,而且其加热器对被测流体所在环境温度影响小,特别适合阵列化检测结构。不过,由热式流量计测量原理可知,被测流体的物性参数会随流体温度变化而改变,从而影响流量计的输出(恒温差模式下,会影响加热功率;恒功率模式下,会影响反映温差的输出电压),导致计量误差较大[6]。实际应用中,不同深度的井段井温不同,井下环境各异,应用恒温差热式流量计时需考虑井下被测流体温度的变化对测量结果的影响,对其测量结果进行温度校正。

    目前,仅有学者研究了热式气体流量计的温度校正算法,并取得了较好的补偿效果[6-7]。为此,笔者以水作为测量流体,分析了温度对液体物性参数的影响,研究了温度对恒温差热式流量计测量结果的影响规律,通过数值模拟分析了井下不同深度处温度、压力对恒温差热式流量计测量结果的影响,为井下恒温差热式流量计测量结果的温度、压力校正提供了理论和试验依据。

    热式流量计测量的物理基础是热传递。根据传热学知识,热式流量计测量时加热源和流体的热量交换以强迫对流传热为主。流体流动时,强迫对流传热从加热源表面带走的热流量可以表示为[5]

    Φf=hA(thte) (1)

    式中:Φf为强迫对流传热从加热源表面带走的热流量,W;h为强迫对流平均传热系数,W/(m2∙℃);A为加热源换热表面积,m2thte分别为加热源和流体所在环境的温度,℃。

    对于长度为l、直径为d的热线式加热源,表面积可表示为:

    A=πld (2)

    为了确定换热系数与流体物性参数的关系,引入了努塞尔数(Nu)、普朗特数(Pr)和雷诺数(Re)等3个热力学参数,其表达式分别为:

    Nu=hdλf (3)
    Pr=ηCpλf (4)
    Re=ρvdη (5)

    式中:λf为被测流体的热导率,W/(m∙℃);η为流体的动力黏度,Pa∙s;Cp为流体定压比热容,J/(kg∙℃);ρ为流体密度,kg/m3v为流体速度,m/s。

    当流体流动时,可忽略自然对流换热传热的影响,则加热源产生的热流量H等于强迫对流流体带走的热流量Φf。此时,式(1)可写为:

    H=πlλfNu(thte) (6)

    式(6)中,努塞尔数Nu是表示对流换热强烈程度的参数。学者们对其进行过深入研究,并提出了一些对流换热公式,也在很多场合进行了应用。根据H. A. Kramers[8]给出的对流换热公式,在一定条件下Nu可以表示为:

    Nu=0.42Pr0.2+0.57Pr0.33Re0.5 (7)

    式(7)中,与流速成正比的雷诺数Re的指数会随流体流速变化而发生变化,0.5仅在一定条件下适用。一般情况下,Re的指数用m代替。因此,综合式(2)—式(7)可以得到:

    H=πlλf(thte)[0.42Pr0.2+0.57Pr0.33(ρvdη)m] (8)

    Ac=0.42πlλfPr0.2,Bc=0.57πlλfPr0.33(ρd/η)m,并为了便于表示,将式(8)中各物性参数统一为AcBc,则式(8)可简化为:

    H=(Ac+Bcvm)(thte) (9)

    在常压(1标准大气压)下,对于给定的加热源和确定的流体温度,AcBc反映此时被测流体热导率、普朗特数等物性参数的综合计算结果,可以视为常量。根据式(9),若保持thte不变,加热源维持温差恒定所产生的热流量H与流体流速v存在唯一且单调的关系,用这种通过维持温差恒定测量加热源产生的热流量来计算流体流量的方法被称为恒温差法。

    根据上述原理,恒温差热式流量计采用了2个相同的温度传感器(一个作为测温探头,测量流体的环境温度;另一个与加热器集成在一起作为测速探头,测量加热器温度)。考虑导热传热对测量有影响,测速探头采用隔热陶瓷,以减少加热器沿探头的热传导。测量时,将测温探头放置在流体的上游,测量流体环境温度;将测速探头放置在流体的下游,测量加热器的温度(见图1)。

    图  1  恒温差热式流量计的测量原理示意
    Figure  1.  Principle of the thermal flowmeter with constant temperature difference

    电路工作时,测速探头加热器接通电源加热,加热器产生的热流量H与加热器的功率P相关[9]。在热平衡状态下,式(9)可改写为:

    P=k(Ac+Bcvm)(thte) (10)

    式中:k为加热器功率因数。

    通过数值模拟和室内试验方式,分析了常压(1标准大气压)条件下温度对恒温差热式流量计测量结果的影响情况。

    由式(8)和式(9)可见,AcBc由加热源结构和被测流体物性参数所决定,是流体的普朗特系数Pr、密度ρ、热导率λf和动力黏度η的函数。由于这些参数会随流体温度变化而变化,当流体温度发生变化时,式(10)可改写为:

    P(te)=k[Ac(te)+Bc(te)vm](thte) (11)

    因此,在不同流体温度下,同样流速的流体会对应不同的输出功率。

    根据常压下水的物性参数[10],可得到水温从0 ℃升高至150 ℃时Pr,ρ,λfη的变化曲线(见图2)。

    图  2  0~150 ℃ 温度下水的物性参数变化曲线
    Figure  2.  Change curves of physical parameters of water at 0–150 °C

    图2可以看出,当水温由0 ℃升高至150 ℃时,水的物性参数随之变化,在低温区域(<90 ℃)变化尤为显著。由式(11)可知,物性参数的改变会导致恒温差热式流量计测量结果变化。

    为分析环境温度对强迫对流换热功率的影响,设加热器为长度6.4 cm、直径0.8 cm的圆柱体,理想情况下加热器功率因数k=1.0,流速指数m=0.5,在温差维持0.5 ℃条件下,根据式(11)和图2所示物性参数,利用数值模拟法,分析了环境温度分别为25,30,35和40 ℃ 时水流量与换热功率的关系,结果如图3所示。

    图  3  水流量与换热功率的关系
    Figure  3.  Relationship between heat transfer power and flow rate

    图3可知:环境温度变化会对反映流速的换热功率产生显著影响;相同流速条件下,液体换热功率随着温度升高而增大,主要原因是空气的动力黏度随温度升高而增大,而水的动力黏度随温度升高而降低。模拟结果表明,相同流量下,恒温差热式流量计的测量结果会随环境温度升高而增大。

    基于恒温差热式流量计的理论模型,为进行等梯度温度试验、验证不同环境温度下流体流速与加热器功率的关系,搭建了试验平台(见图4)。标准流量计用来测量流体的实际流量,并与热式流量计输出信号进行比较;水泵用于调节实际流量,最大扬程6 m,最大流量960 L/h;恒温加热系统由加热带、温度控制器和显示屏组成,将流体温度控制在设定温度,误差不超过±0.1 ℃;模拟井筒直径124.0 mm,进水口与恒温加热系统相连,出水口与蓄水箱相连,在水泵的驱动下,流体在蓄水箱和模拟井筒中循环,模拟井筒中流体自下而上的流动状况。

    图  4  恒温差热式流量计试验平台
    1.水泵;2.标准涡轮流量计;3.恒温加热系统;4.测温探头;5.测速探头;6.模拟井筒
    Figure  4.  Experimental platform for thermal flowmeter with constant temperature difference

    试验的温差采集和恒温差控制方案如图5所示。其中,测温探头用于测量流体环境温度,测速探头用于测量加热器的温度,均与电路系统相连,电路系统最终将测量结果上传至主机显示、保存。

    图  5  温差采集和恒温差控制方案示意
    Figure  5.  Temperature difference acquisition and control scheme of constant temperature difference

    测量控制系统的基本技术指标:1)恒温差数据采集模块采样间隔为500 ms,采集的温差电压精度为1 μV,温度分辨率可达0.01 ℃;2)数字电源模块最大输出电压为4.8 V,调整最小幅度单位为0.1 mV,输出最大功率为1 W。

    等梯度温度试验中,进行每组试验时保持环境温度不变,流量以1 m3/d为增量,依次获得1~15 m3/d的标准流量。每个标准流量下,自动调节加热器功率,使测温探头与测速探头的温差维持稳定(两温度传感器温差电压保持在2 mV,偏差不超过±0.1 mV),记录温差稳定后加热器的功率。

    按照上述试验方式,依次测量环境温度分别为25,30,35和40 ℃时,不同流量下加热器的功率,结果如图6所示。

    图  6  不同环境温度下加热功率与流量的关系
    Figure  6.  Relationship between heating power and flow rate at different ambient temperatures

    图6可知:1)流量相同条件下,环境温度升高,会导致恒温差热式流量计的输出功率显著提高,这与数值模拟结果基本一致;2)相对于数值模拟结果,试验结果受环境温度的影响更大,低流量(<5 m3/d)时受到的影响更大。分析认为,试验结果受环境温度影响较大的原因是:数值模拟仅考虑了强迫对流换热,忽略了其他形式的换热;实际情况是,其他形式换热也不同程度地存在;另外,流量低时井筒内的流体循环速度变慢,维持井筒流体恒温系统的温度调整会呈现较大程度的延时,导致井筒流体环境温度在设定温度上下发生较大波动,进而影响测量结果。

    实际测量时,恒温差热式流量计要下入到井中,随着垂深增深,井筒中的温度和压力均会升高,流体的物性参数也会受到温度和压力的综合影响,进而影响流量计的测量结果[11-12]。由于条件所限,暂时无法开展现场试验研究,因此只进行了理论分析。

    井下特定深度的温度和压力与垂深之间存在线性递增关系,为了研究不同垂深时井筒温度和压力对恒温差热式流量计测量结果的影响,将式(11)改为如下形式:

    P(D)=k[Ac(D)+Bc(D)vm](thte) (12)

    式中:D为油井的垂深,m。

    取井深温度梯度为3.0 ℃/100m,压力梯度为784 kPa/100m,根据文献[10],参考温度和表压力,计算得到不同垂深下水的物性参数(见表1),并代入式(12),得到不同垂深下水的流量与加热功率的关系,结果如图7所示。

    表  1  不同井深条件下水的物性参数
    Table  1.  Physical parameters of water at different well depths
    井深/
    m
    温度/
    表压力/
    MPa
    密度/
    (kg∙m–3
    导热系数/
    (W∙(m∙K)–1
    动力黏度/
    (Pa∙s)
    普朗
    特数
    0250 997.050.607 20.8906.130 22
    500403.92993.930.632 40.6534.306 72
    1 000557.84989.090.653 00.5063.223 93
    1 5007011.76982.890.668 90.4072.532 24
    2 0008515.68975.570.680 90.3382.065 45
    2 500100 19.60967.300.689 80.2871.736 63
    3 000115 23.52958.210.696 10.2491.496 99
    3 500130 27.44948.390.700 40.2201.317 57
    4 000145 31.36937.900.703 00.1971.180 40
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  7  不同垂深下水的流量与加热功率的关系
    Figure  7.  Relationship of water flow rate and heating power at different well depths

    图7可知:1)相同流量条件下,垂深增加,温度和压力同步升高,恒温差热式流量计的输出功率也相应升高,表明井筒温度、压力同步升高导致测量误差增大;2)相同流量条件下,尽管随着温度和压力同步升高,恒温差热式流量计的输出功率升高,但升高的幅度逐步减小。垂深0~2 000 m井段,垂深变化对恒温差热式流量计的输出功率影响很大;而在垂深2 000~4 000 m井段,垂深变化对输出功率影响较小。换言之,若恒温差热式流量计的输出功率为0.5 W,在垂深2 000~4 000 m井段对应最大的流量误差约为0.6 m3/d,在垂深0~2 000 m井段对应最大的流量误差却达到2.2 m3/d。其原因在于:垂深较浅的井段,温度、压力都比较低,此垂深下温度和压力变化引起的物性参数变化率高,变化趋势快,对恒温差热式流量计输出功率影响大;而垂深较深的井段,温度一般在85 ℃以上,对应的物性参数Prλfη的变化较小,且ρ会随温度升高降低、随压力升高而升高,因此总的变化趋势相对平缓,对流量计输出功率的影响减小。

    1)井筒温度和压力的变化会影响恒温差热式流量计的输出功率。在相同流量下,恒温差热式流量计的输出功率会随垂深增加而升高;在垂深浅的井段,温度和压力对该流量计输出功率的影响较大,垂深深井段的影响相对减小。

    2)为了获得相对准确的流量检测结果,要对恒温差热式流量计的测量结果进行温度和压力校正,特别是需要校对垂深较浅井段的测量结果。

    3)建议通过现场试验获取更全面的数据,分析不同垂深条件下、恒温差热式流量计不同流量下的输出功率,建立可靠的校正图版或网络,以对实测数据进行深度校正,从而获得更准确的测量结果。

  • 图  1   常规二维与双二维井眼轨道设计示意

    Figure  1.   Conventional 2D and dual-2D wellbore trajectory design

    图  2   不同钻井液密度时的井底循环温度

    Figure  2.   Downhole circulating temperature at different drilling fluid density

    图  3   长庆致密油气多层系立体开发模式

    Figure  3.   Multi-layer stereoscopic development mode for Changqing tight oil & gas

    表  1   国产顶驱下套管装置主要技术参数

    Table  1   Main technical parameters of China-made top-drive casing-running device

    型号适用套管外径/
    mm
    水眼密封压力/
    MPa
    最大工作扭矩/
    (kN·m)
    XTG140H外卡114~14035~7035
    XTG140H内卡168~24435~7035
    XTG168内卡244~3405050
    XTG340内卡340~50815~3550
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-11-28
  • 录用日期:  2022-01-16
  • 网络出版日期:  2022-02-10
  • 刊出日期:  2022-03-06

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