High-Efficiency Anti-Sloughing Drilling Fluid Technology for Tanuma Shale of East Baghdad Oilfield in Iraq
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摘要:
伊拉克东巴油田South-2区块采用水平井开发Khasib组储层，但该区块首口以Khasib组为目的层的水平井在钻井过程中，因Tanuma组泥页岩多次发生坍塌卡钻，导致井眼报废。研究Tanuma组矿物组成、孔缝发育情况和水化膨胀特性发现，该组泥页岩具有黏土矿物含量高、水敏性较强、宏观层理发育明显、微观孔缝发育度高和水化膨胀速率快等特点，导致钻井过程中因黏土矿物快速水化膨胀而发生井眼失稳问题。基于此，通过室内试验，优选了封堵剂N-Seal及抑制剂U-HIB，对氯化钾聚磺钻井液的配方进行了优化，形成了高效防塌钻井液。室内试验发现，高效防塌钻井液具有良好的流变性、较强的封堵和抑制能力，能够满足Tanuma组泥页岩井段高效封堵的要求。该防塌钻井液在South-2区块3口水平井进行了现场试验，均成功钻穿Tanuma组泥页岩层段，顺利钻至设计井深，未出现坍塌掉块等井眼失稳问题。室内研究与现场试验结果表明，高效防塌钻井液能够有效解决Tanuma组泥页岩坍塌的技术难题，为实现Khasib组储层的有效开发提供技术支撑。
Abstract:East Baghdad Oilfield in Iraq employs horizontal wells to develop reservoirs of the Khasib Formation in the South-2 block. However, in the drilling of the first horizontal well in the block with the Khasib Formation as the target, repeated sloughing and sticking happened drilling through the shale formation of Tanuma, which resulted in borehole abandonment. Researches on formation mineral composition, pore-fracture development, and hydration swelling characteristics show that the Tanuma shale features high clay mineral content, strong water sensitivity, evident macro bedding development, high micro pore and fracture development, and fast hydration swelling rate. As a result, wellbore instability occurs due to the rapid hydration swelling of clay minerals during drilling. Through laboratory evaluation, a high-efficiency anti-sloughing drilling fluid system was developed, by selecting N-Seal plugging agent and U-HIB inhibitor and optimizing the formula of the KCl/polysulfonate drilling fluid system. The evaluation demonstrated that the drilling fluid system with good rheologic characteristics presented strong plugging and inhibition performances, which met the requirements of high-efficiency plugging of Tanuma shale. In field tests of the drilling fluid in three horizontal wells of the South-2 block, Tanuma shale was drilled through without any wellbore instability issues. Laboratory evaluation and field tests show that the application of proposed drilling fluid system can effectively eliminate the technical difficulties of borehole instability in drilling through Tanuma shale, and provide support for the effective development of reservoirs in the Khasib Formation.
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Keywords:
- horizontal well /
- shale /
- hole stabilization /
- anti-sloughing drilling fluid /
- East Baghdad Oilfield
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图 1 Tanuma组泥页岩岩样孔缝发育情况
Figure 1. Pore and fracture development in samples of Tanuma shale
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图 3 Tanuma组岩屑滚动回收试验结果
Figure 3. Rolling recovery rate test of rock debris in Tanuma Formation
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图 4 Tanuma组岩屑线性膨胀评价试验结果
Figure 4. Linear expansion test of rock debris in Tanuma Formation
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图 5 高效防塌钻井液的抑制性评价试验结果
Figure 5. Inhibition evaluation test of high-efficiency anti-sloughing drilling fluid
表 1 Tanuma组泥页岩矿物组成分析结果
Table 1 Mineral composition analysis of Tanuma shale
井深/m 矿物含量，% 石英 方解石 黄铁矿 铁白云石 黏土 2 388 1.19 11.49 10.64 40.08 36.60 2 389 6.57 10.26 10.33 21.31 51.53 2 390 5.83 11.66 12.92 27.93 41.66 
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表 2 6种封堵剂的性能评价试验结果
Table 2 Performance evaluation of six plugging agents
试验流体配方 瞬时滤失量/
mL静滤失速率/
（mL·min−0.5）累计滤失量/
mL基浆 2.69 18.10 35.2 基浆+2%FT-1 0.23 8.69 21.3 基浆+2%NSI 0.30 16.36 26.6 基浆+2%N-JC 0.45 15.37 29.1 基浆+2%N-CaCO3 0.12 7.33 13.2 基浆+2%N-Seal 0.13 6.01 10.2 基浆+2%N-Polymer 0.19 8.33 17.6
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表 3 高效防塌钻井液和氯化钾聚磺钻井液流变性试验结果
Table 3 Rheology test of high-efficiency anti-sloughing drilling fluid and KCl/polysulfonate drilling fluid
密度/
（kg·L−1）钻井液 六速旋转黏度计读数 静切力/Pa 塑性黏度/
（mPa·s）动切力/Pa API滤失量/mL ϕ600 ϕ300 ϕ200 ϕ100 ϕ6 ϕ3 1.55 氯化钾聚磺 82 54 40 25 5 4 2.0/5.5 28 13.0 2.6 高效防塌 85 55 42 26 5 4 2.5/5.0 30 12.5 2.4 1.60 氯化钾聚磺 83 53 40 25 5 4 2.0/4.5 30 11.5 2.6 高效防塌 88 56 44 27 5 4 2.0/4.5 32 12.0 2.0 1.65 氯化钾聚磺 86 56 40 25 5 4 2.0/4.5 30 13.0 2.4 高效防塌 90 57 41 25 5 4 2.0/4.5 33 12.0 2.2
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表 4 高效防塌钻井液在3口水平井中的试验效果
Table 4 Field test of high-efficiency anti-sloughing drilling fluid in three horizontal wells
井号 泥页岩
井段/m纯钻进
时间/h平均机械
钻速/（m·h−1）起钻复杂
时间/hEBSK-5-5H 2 510～2 625 51.76 2.22 6.2 EBSK-2-2H 2 492～2 608 61.00 1.90 3.2 EBSK-3-3H 2 540～2 653 62.18 1.82 6.8
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