Development and Applications of a Compound Axial and Torsional Impact Drilling Tool
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摘要: 为提高PDC钻头破岩效率并减小钻具的粘滑振动，研制了一种轴扭复合冲击工具。该工具以自激振荡脉冲射流为能量来源，通过螺旋面结构将轴向冲击力转换为轴扭复合冲击力进行破岩，具有结构简单和轴向、扭向冲击力同步作用的特点。现场应用结果表明：与常规钻具相比，轴扭复合冲击工具的机械钻速提高了95.2%～193.8%，单只钻头进尺增加了46.4%～229.2%；与螺杆钻具相比，轴扭复合冲击工具的机械钻速提高了71.0%；与轴向冲击工具相比，轴扭复合冲击工具的机械钻速提高了66.3%，单只钻头进尺增加了194.0%；与扭向冲击工具相比，轴扭复合冲击工具的机械钻速提高了30.2%～46.8%，单只钻头进尺增加了17.2%～191.8%。研究表明，轴扭复合冲击工具可以提高破岩效率，减小硬地层的粘滑振动，破岩提速效果显著，具有推广应用价值。Abstract: To improve the rock-breaking efficiency of PDC bits and reduce stick-slip vibration, a compound axial and torsional impact tool was developed. This tool, characterized by a simple structure and the synchronous action of axial and torsional impacts, is used to break rocks. To do so, it used a self-excited oscillation pulse jet as its energy source, and converted axial impact force into compound axial and torsional impacts through helical surface structure. Field applications showed that: compared with conventional drilling tools, the ROP of this compound axial and torsional impact tool was increased by 95.2%–193.8%, and the footage of a single bit was increased by 46.4%–229.2%. Compared with PDM drills, the ROP of this tool was increased by 71.0% while compared with axial impact tools, the ROP of this tool was increased by 66.3%, and the footage of a single bit was increased by 194.0%. Compared with torsional impact tools, the ROP of this tool was increased by 30.2%–46.8%, and the footage of a single bit was increased by 17.2%–191.8%. The research results showed that the developed compound axial and torsional impact tool can improve rock-breaking efficiency and reduce the stick-slip vibration in hard formations. With its remarkable rock-breaking effects and ROP improvement, this tool is worth of application and widespread implementation.
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Keywords:
- impact tool /
- composite impact force /
- rock-breaking efficiency /
- stick-slip vibration /
- PDC bit /
- penetration rate /
- bit footage
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图 1 浅切削与深切削下的岩石破碎形态示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of rock breaking morphology under shallow and deep cutting actions
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图 5 轴扭复合冲击工具结构示意
1. 上接头；2. 自激振荡脉冲喷嘴；3. 固定套；4. 螺旋冲击座；5. 壳体；6. 下接头； 7. PDC钻头
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of a compound axial and torsional impact tool
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图 6 螺旋冲击面结构和冲击力计算模型
Figure 6. Structure of spiral impact surface and calculation model of impact forces
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图 7 准噶尔盆地应用井钻头进尺和机械钻速
Figure 7. Bit footage and ROP of wells using compound axial and torsional impact tools in Junggar Basin
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图 8 准噶尔盆地分地层平均机械钻速和单只钻头进尺对比
Figure 8. Comparison of average ROP and single bit footage in different strata in Junggar Basin
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图 9 轴扭复合冲击工具钻井所得岩屑与常规钻屑对比
Figure 9. Comparison of cuttings obtained from compound axial and torsional impact tool and conventional cuttings
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图 10 轴扭复合冲击工具应用井段和相邻井段的扭矩波动
Figure 10. Torque fluctuations of intervals using compound axial and torsional impact tool and the adjacent intervals
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图 11 轴扭复合冲击工具和螺杆钻具钻进产生的岩屑对比
Figure 11. Comparison of cuttings obtained from compound axial and torsional impact tool and PDM drills
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图 13 塔里木盆地二叠系平均机械钻速和单趟钻进尺
Figure 13. Average ROP and single trip footage in the Permian of Tarim Basin
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图 14 塔里木盆地石炭系及以下地层平均机械钻速和单趟钻进尺
Figure 14. Average ROP and single trip footage in the Carboniferous and lower strata of Tarim Basin
表 1 轴扭复合冲击工具的关键技术参数
Table 1 Key technical parameters of compound axial and torsionalimpact tool
外径/
mm螺旋面
半径/mm压力损
耗/MPa轴向冲击
力/kN扭向冲击扭
矩/（N·m）冲击频
率/Hz最小 最大 177.8 20.0 79.0 1.4 17 1 089 560 197.0 50.0 88.5 2.3 25 2 097 300 203.2 50.0 88.5 2.3 25 2 097 300 244.5 40.0 112.5 2.0 45 2 836 420 285.8 40.0 130.0 2.0 62 4 449 420 
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表 2 应用井段与邻井相近井段实钻数据对比
Table 2 Comparison of actual drilling data between intervals using compound axial and torsional impact tool and the adjacent intervals
井号 钻具 井段/m 钻压/kN 钻具转速/
（r·min–1）钻井液排量/
（L·s–1）钻井液密度/
（kg·L–1）纯钻时间/h 机械钻速/
（m·h–1）X-116H 轴扭复合冲击工具 4 897～5 241 80～120 60～70 32～34 1.24 60.0 5.73 X-8H 螺杆钻具 4 902～5 245 40～60 200～240 28～30 1.30 121.4 2.82 X-20H 螺杆钻具 4 915～5 242 40～60 200～240 28～30 1.30 105.5 3.10 X-24H 螺杆钻具 4 849～5 244 40～60 200～250 28～30 1.30 91.0 4.34 X-2H 常规钻具 4 862～5 247 40～60 80～100 28～30 1.25 144.7 2.66 X-3H 常规钻具 4 863～5 247 40～60 80～100 27～38 1.24 151.5 2.53 X4H 常规钻具 4 930～5 260 40～60 70～75 28～30 1.30 84.2 3.92
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表 3 几种冲击工具的性能参数和应用井的钻井参数
Table 3 Performance parameters of several impact drilling tools and drilling parameters in their field applications
工具类型 地层 工具性能参数 钻井参数 工具压降/
MPa冲击频率/
Hz轴向冲击力/
kN扭向冲击力/
（N·m）钻压/kN 钻具转速/
（m·h–1）钻井液密度/
（kg·L–1）排量/
（L·s–1）轴向冲击
工具二叠系 2.0～3.0 17.0～23.0 20 100～140 60 1.25 36 扭向冲击
工具二叠系 1.7～2.7 12.5～25.0 1 627 100～120 60 1.25 35 石炭系及
以下2.4～4.1 14.0～30.0 1 220 80～120 70 1.27 32～37 轴扭复合
冲击工具二叠系 1.5～2.4 40.0～60.0 23 1 350 100～140 60 1.25 36 石炭系及以下 2.5～4.0 40.0～60.0 12 1 100 60～100 50～60 1.30 28
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