Study on Gas-Liquid Gravity Displacement Law of Constant-Volume Enclosed System in Fractured Gas-Bearing Beds
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摘要:
在裂缝性气层钻进过程中，气液重力置换问题频发，严重威胁钻井安全，但目前的研究主要针对裂缝性定压气层，对定容封闭体气层气液重力置换问题研究较少。为此，研制了井筒−裂缝气液两相流体耦合流动可视化试验装置，开展了裂缝性定容封闭体气液重力置换模拟试验，分析了裂缝开度、井底压差、钻井密度和黏度对气液重力置换的影响。研究结果表明，井底压差是影响气液流动状态的主导因素，随着地层能量被释放，井底欠压差越来越小，井底会经历由气侵到气液重力置换，再到井漏的转化；气液重力置换只在一定的压差范围内出现，井底欠压差越大，气侵速率越大，漏失速率越小；裂缝开度和密度越大，气侵速率和漏失速率也越大；随着钻井液黏度升高，气侵速率和漏失速率显著降低。据此建立了气侵速率和漏失速率的多因素经验预测模型，明确气侵与漏失的主控因素分别是井底压差和裂缝开度，并提出了气液重力置换的防控方法。研究结果为钻遇裂缝性定容封闭体气层时的井筒流动安全控制提供了理论依据。
Abstract:Gas-liquid gravity displacement problems occur frequently during drilling in fractured gas-bearing beds, seriously threatening drilling safety. However, the current research mainly focuses on fractured constant-pressure gas-bearing beds and does not pay much attention to the gas-liquid gravity displacement problem in gas-bearing beds with constant-volume enclosed system. To this end, a visual experimental device for the coupled flow of gas-liquid two-phase fluids in the wellbore and fractures was developed, and simulation experiments of gas-liquid gravity displacement in fractured constant-volume enclosed systems were carried out. The effects of fracture aperture, bottom hole differential pressure, drilling density, and viscosity on gas-liquid gravity displacement were evaluated. The results show that the bottom hole differential pressure, is the dominant factor affecting the gas-liquid flow state, and with the formation energy being released, the bottom hole under-differential pressure is getting smaller and smaller. The well bottom undergoes the transformation from gas invasion to gas-liquid gravity displacement and then to lost circulation. Gas-liquid gravity displacement only occurs within a certain range of differential pressure, and a larger bottom hole under-differential pressure indicates a larger gas invasion rate and a smaller lost circulation rate. Larger fracture aperture and density mean larger gas invasion rate and lost circulation rate. With the increase in the viscosity of the drilling fluid, the gas invasion rate and lost circulation rate decrease significantly. A multi-factor empirical prediction model of gas invasion rate and lost circulation rate was established, and the main controlling factors of gas invasion and lost circulation are bottom hole differential pressure and fracture aperture, respectively; moreover, the prevention and control method of gas-liquid gravity replacement was proposed. The results provide a theoretical basis for the safety control of wellbore flow when drilling a fractured constant-volume enclosed system gas-bearing bed.
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图 1 井筒−裂缝气液两相耦合流动可视化试验装置
Figure 1. Visual experimental device for coupled flow of gas-liquid two-phase fluids in wellbore and fractures
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图 3 井筒与地层模拟单元内测试参数随时间的变化
Figure 3. Variation of test parameters in wellbore and formation simulation units with time
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图 5 不同压差下的气侵速率和漏失速率
Figure 5. Overflow rate and lost circulation rate under different differential pressures
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图 6 不同黏度流体下气侵速率与井底压差的关系
Figure 6. Relationship of gas invasion rate and differential pressure for fluids with different viscosities
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图 7 不同黏度流体下漏失速率与井底压差的关系
Figure 7. Relationship of lost circulation rate and bottom hole differential pressure for fluids with different viscosities
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图 8 不同密度流体下气侵速率与井底压差的关系
Figure 8. Relationship of gas invasion rate and bottom hole differential pressure for fluids with different densities
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图 9 不同密度流体下漏失速率与井底压差的关系
Figure 9. Relationship of lost circulation rate and bottom hole differential pressure for fluids with different densities
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图 10 不同裂缝开度下气侵速率与井底压差的关系
Figure 10. Curve of overflow rate versus differential pressure for different fracture aperture
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图 11 不同裂缝开度下漏失速率与井底压差的关系
Figure 11. Relationship of lost circulation rate and bottom hole differential pressure for different fracture apertures
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图 13 各参数对气侵速率的归一化重要性分数
Figure 13. Normalized importance scores of each parameter on gas invasion rate
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图 14 各参数对漏失速率的归一化重要性分数
Figure 14. Normalized importance scores of each parameter on lost circulation rate
表 1 定容封闭体气层和定压气层的差异
Table 1 Differences between constant-volume enclosed system gas-bearing bed and constant-pressure gas-bearing bed
气层分类 外部压力补给 边界与体积 地层压力 定容封闭体 无 有限边界/体积 随时间显著变化 定压气层 有 无限大边界/体积 短期内恒定 
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