Study on Evolution Law of Fracture Toughness of Ultra-Deep Laminated Shale
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摘要:
为深入探究超深页岩储层中水力裂缝纵向穿层机制，针对高应力及层理性质对页岩断裂特性的影响进行了系统性分析。首先，利用三轴压缩试验获取了页岩力学参数；其次，采用颗粒离散元法构建了带围压的半圆板页岩三点弯曲数值模型，模拟了页岩在不同工况下的断裂过程。数值模拟结果表明，围压增大显著提升了页岩的断裂韧性，且层理面角度和密度对断裂韧性的影响随着围压增大而增强：相同围压下，断裂韧性随着层理面角度增加而降低，随着层理面密度增加呈现小幅差异，表明层理面密度对断裂韧性的强化作用优于层理面角度。基于此，拟合了断裂韧性与围压、层理面角度和密度的定量关系，并构建了不同围压及层理面性质对页岩断裂韧性的量化图版。研究结果揭示了高应力条件下超深页岩储层层理性质对断裂特性的复杂影响，为优化水力压裂方案、有效控制水力裂缝穿层行为提供了理论依据。
Abstract:To explore the longitudinal hydraulic fracture propagation mechanism in ultra-deep shale reservoirs, the influence of high stress and bedding properties on shale fracture characteristics was systematically analyzed. Initially, shale mechanical parameters were obtained through triaxial compression experiments. Subsequently, a three-point bending numerical model of a semi-circular shale plate with confining pressure was constructed using the particle discrete element method to simulate the shale fracture process under various conditions. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that increasing the confining pressure significantly enhances shale fracture toughness, and the influence of bedding plane angle and density on fracture toughness is amplified with increasing confining pressure. At the same confining pressure, fracture toughness decreases with an increase in bedding plane angle and exhibits a minor variation with an increase in bedding plane density, indicating that bedding plane density has a greater strengthening effect on fracture toughness than bedding plane angle. Based on these findings, the quantitative relationship of fracture toughness with confining pressure, bedding plane angle, and density was fitted, and a quantitative chart illustrating the impact of varying confining pressures and bedding plane properties on shale fracture toughness was developed. The results reveal the complex influence of bedding properties on fracture characteristics under high stress conditions in ultra-deep shale reservoirs, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing hydraulic fracturing schemes and effectively controlling hydraulic fracture propagation behavior.
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Keywords:
- ultra-deep shale /
- high stress /
- bedding plane /
- fracture toughness /
- particle flow method
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图 2 不同围压下的层理页岩破坏试验结果
Figure 2. Failure test results of bedding shale at different confining pressures
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图 3 不同围压下的层理页岩破坏模式
Figure 3. Failure modes of bedding shale at different confining pressures
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图 7 半圆板三点弯曲数值模型
Figure 7. Three-point bending numerical models of semi-circular shale plate
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图 8 半圆弯曲试验和数值模拟获得的载荷−位移关系对比
Figure 8. Comparison of load–displacement relationships obtained by semi-circular bending experiment and numerical simulation
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图 9 不同围压下的页岩载荷−位移曲线
Figure 9. Load–displacement curves of shale at different confining pressures
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图 10 层理面密度0.80条/mm时的层理面角度−断裂韧性关系
Figure 10. Relationship between bedding plane angle and fracture toughness at bedding plane density of 0.8 fractures/mm
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图 11 不同层理面角度下SCB试样断裂模式
Figure 11. Fracture modes of SCB samples at different bedding plane angles
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图 12 层理面角度45°时的层理面密度−断裂韧性关系
Figure 12. Relationship between bedding plane density and fracture toughness at bedding plane angle of 45°
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图 13 不同层理面密度下的SCB试样断裂结果
Figure 13. Fracture results of SCB samples at different bedding plane densities
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图 14 权重系数aσ和bσ随围压的变化
Figure 14. Variations in the weight coefficients aσ and bσ with confining pressures
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图 15 不同围压下层理面性质对页岩断裂韧性影响的评价图版
Figure 15. Evaluation chart for influence of bedding plane properties on shale fracture toughness under different confining pressures
表 1 数值模型细观胶结参数取值
Table 1 Meso-cementation parameters of numerical model
页岩 颗粒密度/
（kg·m−3）颗粒有效
模量/GPa胶结有效
模量/GPa胶结刚度比 胶结拉伸
强度/MPa胶结内聚力/MPa 胶结摩擦角/（°） 基质 2 640 5.0 19.20 1.35 117.6 70.4 25 层理面 2 640 5.0 3.84 1.35 23.5 14.1 14 
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表 2 页岩数值模型的断裂韧性计算结果
Table 2 Fracture toughness calculation results of numerical model for shale
试样编号 Fmax/kN K′ 试样编号 Fmax/kN K′ C1−D1−A1 257.80 0.326 C2−D1−A1 194.49 0.180 C1−D2−A1 192.39 0.175 C2−D2−A1 205.05 0.204 C1−D3−A1 167.62 0.118 C2−D3−A1 248.98 0.305 C1−D4−A1 214.57 0.226 C2−D4−A1 241.07 0.287 C1−D1−A2 186.42 0.161 C2−D1−A2 174.28 0.133 C1−D2−A2 147.85 0.072 C2−D2−A2 194.47 0.180 C1−D3−A2 144.99 0.065 C2−D3−A2 186.92 0.162 C1−D4−A2 169.39 0.122 C2−D4−A2 176.83 0.139
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