Inspiration and Practice of Drilling and Completion in 10 000-Meter Ultra-Deep Wells in the Gulf of Mexico
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摘要:
目前，我国陆上钻井能力已达9 000 m水平，且随着深地塔科1井钻深突破万米，成为全球第二个实现陆上万米钻探的国家，初步具备万米深地油气资源勘探开发能力。但是，目前我国仅完钻5口井深超过9 000 m的特深井，万米深地钻完井技术仍处于起步与探索阶段。美国墨西哥湾是世界上超深特深井数量最多的地区，并在钻井−完井−开发一体化设计理念、井身结构优化与拓展、关键装备与工具仪器、强化钻井参数提速和井下事故复杂防控等方面已形成先进理念与成熟做法。为此，系统总结分析了美国墨西哥湾万米级特深井钻井周期、钻完井成本、原油产量、钻完井方案、成熟应用装备、工艺技术等，认为我国在地质条件、地层可钻性等方面存在差异，万米级特深井的数量、钻井周期及机械钻速与美国墨西哥湾相比仍存在一定差距。结合我国万米深地油气资源钻探面临的工程难题与挑战，提出了万米深地钻探工程技术及装备发展方向及建议，为实现我国万米深地油气资源勘探开发，推动钻完井关键技术装备迭代升级提供参考借鉴。
Abstract:Currently, China’s onshore drilling capability has reached the level of 9000 m in depth. In addition, the drilling depth of Well Take-1 has successfully exceeded 10000 m, making China the second country in the world to achieve onshore drilling depths of over 10 000 m, indicating the ability to explore and develop oil and gas resources at 10000 m in depth. However, at present, only five ultra-deep wells over 9000 m have been drilled in China, and the drilling and completion technology for wells over 9 000 m is still in the initial exploratory stage. The Gulf of Mexico in the United States has the largest number of ultra-deep wells in the world, and advanced concepts and mature practices have been formed in multiple areas including the design concept of drilling-completion-development integration, casing program optimization and expansion, key equipment and tools, drilling parameters strengthening for speeding up, and prevention and control of complex downhole situations. To this end, the drilling cycle, drilling and completion cost, crude oil production, drilling and completion scheme, mature application equipment, and technology of ultra-deep wells in the Gulf of Mexico were systematically summarized. It is concluded that due to differences in geological conditions and formation drillability, there are gaps in the number, drilling cycle, and rate of penetration of 10000-meter ultra-deep wells in China compared with those in the Gulf of Mexico. In accordance with the engineering problems and challenges faced in drilling China’s oil and gas resources over 10000 m in depth, development directions and suggestions of 10000-meter drilling engineering technology and equipment are introduced, so as to provide a reference for achieving the exploration and development of China’s oil and gas resources over 10000 m in depth and promoting the iterative upgrading of key drilling and completion technology and equipment.
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图 1 21世纪墨西哥湾井深超过9 000 m的完钻井数量
Figure 1. Number of drilled wells over 9 000 m in depth in Gulf of Mexico
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图 2 墨西哥湾典型万米级特深井钻井进度统计结果
Figure 2. Statistical results of drilling progress of typical 10 000-meter ultra-deep wells in Gulf of Mexico
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图 3 墨西哥湾深井及万米级特深井的套管层次
Figure 3. Casing level of deep wells and 10 000-meter ultra-deep wells in Gulf of Mexico
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图 4 墨西哥湾Green Canyon 468 Pony区块典型万米级特深井A井井身结构
Figure 4. Casing program of 10 000-meter ultra-deep well A in Green Canyon 468 Pony Area, Gulf of Mexico
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图 5 墨西哥湾万米级特深井完井方案优化设计流程
Figure 5. Optimization design process of completion plan for 10 000-meter ultra-deep wells in Gulf of Mexico
表 1 越洋钻探公司深水钻井平台/钻井船关键装备性能参数
Table 1 Key equipment performance parameters of TransOcean Deepwater Drilling Platform/Ship
装备
类型设备名称 性能参数 动力
装备柴油
发电机4～6台，总功率20 000～48 000 kW，配合直流发电机驱动，主动力 1～2台，总功率500～2 500 kW，配合直流发电机驱动，应急动力 钻机
装备钻机大钩 主载荷9 060～12 700 kN ，辅助载荷
0～12 000 kN绞车 1～2台，载荷10 000～12 500 kN 顶驱 NOV TD-100或TD125型，1～2台，最大钩载10 000～12 500 kN，最大转速250～280 r/min，最大连续输出扭矩88～137 kN·m，冲管承压上限51.6 MPa 钻井泵 NOV 2200HP Triplex型，4～5 台，承压上限51.6 MPa 高压管汇 承压上限51.6 MPa 固控设备 2～6台300目振动筛，除砂除泥一体机，中高速离心机等 防喷
装备闸板
防喷器NOV或Cameron公司五至七闸板防喷器1台，压力等级105 MPa 环形
防喷器NOV或Cameron公司环形防喷器2台，压力等级70 MPa 
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表 2 典型万米级特深井钻井应用的关键钻具
Table 2 Key drilling tools used in typical 10 000-meter ultra-deep wells
开次 井眼直径/
mm垂深/m 关键钻具 最大
井斜/(°)最大狗腿度/
((°)·(30m)−1)导管 762.0 0～2 224 螺杆 0.35 0.09 一开 660.4 2 224～2 771 旋导 1.22 0.82 二开 460.4×533.4 2 771～3 536 旋导+随钻扩眼工具 0.09 0.10 三开 419.1×482.6 3 536～5 212 旋导+随钻扩眼工具 0.17 0.17 四开 368.3×400.1 5 212～7 162 旋导+随钻扩眼工具 0.37 0.53 五开 311.1×342.9 7 162～7 681 旋导+随钻扩眼工具 0.31 0.40 六开 269.9 7 681～8 716 旋导 0.06 0.06
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表 3 典型万米级特深井不同井段应用的钻杆
Table 3 Drill pipes used in typical 10 000-meter ultra-deep wells at different sections
开次 井眼直径/mm 井深/m 钻杆钢级 钻杆直径/mm 导管 一开 660.4 2743 S135 168.3 二开 457.2×558.8 2743～3962 S135 三开 419.1×508.0 3962～5790 S135 四开 368.3×419.1 5790～7620 S135 五开 311.1×342.9 7620～8230 S135 168.3+149.2 六开 269.9×311.1 8230～8841 S135 七开 215.9×250.8 8 841～10360 S135 168.3+149.2+139.7
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表 4 多口典型万米级特深井不同尺寸井眼下的钻井参数
Table 4 Drilling parameters used in wellbore with different sizes of typical 10 000-meter ultra-deep wells
开次 地层 井眼直径/mm 钻具组合 井深/m 钻压/kN 转速/
(r·min−1)扭矩/
(kN·m)排量/
(L·s−1)立压/
MPa钻速/
(m·h−1)一开 泥线—盐上 660.4 PDC钻头+旋导 2316～3383 40～70 150 13～23 82 28～30 25～33 一开 泥线—盐上 660.4 复合钻头+旋导 2073～2438 40～70 150 6～13 74～88 18～21 76～127 一开 盐膏层 660.4 复合钻头+旋导 2438～3048 260～280 150 40～47 75～88 21～25 38～40 二开 盐膏层 419.1×558.8 PDC钻头+旋导+随钻扩眼工具 3718～5669 170～250 180 47～68 75 34～40 76～96 二开 盐膏层 419.1 复合钻头+旋导 3048～6035 300～350 160 40～54 56 21～28 45～50 三开 盐膏层 469.9×533.4 PDC钻头+随钻扩眼工具 5943～6401 140～250 150～160 54～67 30～38 四开 盐下 250.8×269.9 复合钻头+随钻扩眼工具 7620～8839 130～250 130～180 20～50 30～33 30～35 12～20 四开 盐下 250.8×269.9 复合钻头+随钻扩眼工具 7620～9144 130～250 110～140 25～44 36 27～35 12～54
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