Advances and Challenges of Integration of Fracturing and Enhanced Oil Recovery in Shale Oil Reservoirs
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摘要:
页岩油储层压裂开发中，以远超地层吸收能力的注入速率向储层注入包含各类添加剂的工作液，基本完成了压裂介质一次注入、油井开发全生命周期受益的使命。其中，2个问题尤为关键：1）如何形成均匀展布的裂缝网络，增大裂缝和储层的接触面积、提高液体流动效率？2）在形成高效传压传质缝网的基础上，存地压裂液如何提高储层中原油的可动性？压裂和提采一体化是解决上述问题的重要思路。为此，阐述了页岩油储层压裂–提采一体化的内涵，归纳了实现压裂–提采一体化的模拟和试验技术；明确了页岩油储层压裂–提采一体化的科学问题：均衡应力压裂形成均匀展布的缝网，提高均布缝网中流体流动与传输的效率，强化基质孔隙中油气的动用。同时，指出了压裂–提采一体化面临的挑战：明确裂缝非均匀扩展导致的压裂井间干扰机理并建立控制方法，形成裂缝中高压流体高效作用于基质孔隙的途径，揭示压裂液–储层–原油相互作用提高原油可动性机理。研究结果表明：形成均布的裂缝网络是控制裂缝–基质传压传质及流体流动的基础，通过强化压裂液–储层–原油之间的相互作用动用赋存于微–纳米孔隙中的原油是核心，将压裂–提采一体化应用于页岩油储层开发是实现经济最大化的有效途径。贯彻和落实压裂–提采一体化的理念，对页岩油储层的高效开发具有重要意义。
Abstract:During the process of fracturing development of shale oil reservoirs, fracturing fluids containing various additives are injected into the reservoir at an injection rate that far exceeds the absorption capacity of the formation, basically completing the mission of one-time injection of fracturing media to benefit the entire life of oil well development. Specifically, two issues are particularly critical: 1) How to create a uniformly distributed fracture network, enhance the contact area between fractures and reservoirs, and improve the fluid flow efficiency? 2) On the basis of forming a fracture network for efficient pressure and mass transfer, how can stored fracturing fluid improve the mobility of crude oil in the reservoir? The integration of fracturing and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is an important way to solve these problems. Therefore, the connotation of shale oil reservoir fracturing and EOR integration technology was described, and the simulation and experimental techniques for achieving fracturing and EOR integration were summarized; the scientific issue of the fracturing and EOR integration of shale oil reservoir was clarified: balanced stress fracturing forms a uniformly distributed fracture network, improves the efficiency of fluid flow and transmission in the uniformly distributed fracture network, and strengthens the utilization of oil and gas in matrix pores. In addition, the challenges facing the fracturing and EOR integration were pointed out, including clarifying the mechanism of interwell interference caused by non-uniform fracture propagation and establishing control methods, forming the way of high-pressure fluid acting on matrix pores in fracture, and revealing the mechanism of fracturing fluid-reservoir-crude oil interaction to improve the mobility of crude oil. The results show that the formation of a uniformly distributed fracture network is the foundation for controlling fracture-matrix pressure and mass transfer, as well as fluid flow. Utilizing crude oil stored in micro and nano pores by strengthening the interaction among fracturing fluid, reservoir, and crude oil is the core. The application of fracturing and EOR integration in shale oil reservoir development is an effective way to achieve economic maximization. It is of great significance for the efficient development of shale oil reservoirs to implement the idea of fracturing and EOR integration.
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西湖凹陷位于东海陆架盆地浙东坳陷东部，面积约5.9×104 km2，新生代地层最大沉积厚度超过1.0×104 m，主要目的层为古近系平湖组和花港组地层。储层岩性以长石砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主，埋深一般大于3 500.00 m，受压实成岩作用影响，储层物性一般偏低，孔隙度多在15%以下，渗透率一般小于10 mD。低孔低渗储层的流体性质识别一直是西湖凹陷油气勘探开发中的难题之一[1–3]，原因是储层束缚水含量高、电阻率对比度低，同时受储层孔隙结构影响，水层的电阻率往往也较高，通过电性判别难度较大[4–6]；另外，低孔低渗储层毛细管水含量高，当生产压差增大到一定数值后，一部分束缚水往往会转化为可动水，导致生产出水，影响油气产量，特别是气层一旦出水将严重影响最终的采收率，降低油气田开发的经济性[7–10]。针对上述问题，笔者利用油基钻井液的高侵特性，基于时移测井理念[11–12]，提出时移电阻率测井对比识别法，即通过对比随钻实时电阻率与复测电阻率的差异快速识别流体性质，并在西湖凹陷低孔低渗储层进行了现场应用，验证了其可行性和有效性。
1. 油基钻井液滤失性试验
西湖凹陷低孔低渗储层钻井使用的油基钻井液主要成分为白油，根据实际需要，其含量约占钻井液总体积的70%～85%，其余成分为水和各种添加剂，主要起乳化、降滤失和封堵作用。虽然油基钻井液比水基钻井液具有更好的井壁稳定和储层保护作用，但仍具有一定的侵入特性。为了分析油基钻井液的滤失特征，利用具有低孔低渗特征的人造岩心进行了滤失性试验，岩心参数见表1。
表 1 油基钻井液滤失性试验所用岩心的主要参数Table 1. Core parameters of oil-based drilling fluid filtration test编号 长度/cm 直径/cm 渗透率/mD 钻井液密度/（kg·L–1） 1 7.39 2.49 199 1.18 2 7.34 2.53 198 1.32 将岩心放入夹持器内，逐渐加压至13 MPa，并持续24 h，测量滤失量、滤饼厚度和滤液侵入深度。试验结果为：1号岩心滤饼厚4.0 mm，滤液侵入深度为 3.5 cm；2号岩心滤饼厚5.0 mm；滤液侵入深度为6.5 cm；滤失量与侵入时间的关系如图1所示。
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图 1 油基钻井液滤失量与侵入时间的关系Figure 1. Relationship between fluid loss and intrusion time of oil-based drilling fluid从图1可以看出，油基钻井液存在一定的滤失性，滤液能够侵入岩心，滤失量与岩心物性、压差和时间都有一定的关系。这是因为，油基钻井液滤液侵入地层后，会对储层中原有流体产生一定的驱替作用，导致储层电性特征变化，所以可通过对比储层电性特征变化情况分析判断储层流体的性质。
2. 时移电阻率测井对比识别法原理
地层刚钻开时，油基钻井液滤液侵入量小，滤饼薄，冲洗带和过渡带较窄；钻开一段时间后，滤饼增厚，冲洗带和过渡带宽度增大[13]，如图2所示。所以，刚钻开地层进行随钻电阻率测井时，该电阻率一般可以代表地层真电阻率，即原状地层电阻率Rt；地层钻开一段时间后复测电阻率时，电阻率特别是探测深度较浅的电阻率（Rs）会包含冲洗带和过渡带的流体性质变化信息。对于水基钻井液，Rs相对于Rt增大或减小，取决于钻井液滤液矿化度和地层水矿化度的相对大小关系；但对于油基钻井液，由于钻井液滤液不导电，当地层水被驱替后，复测时电阻率Rs会变大，即复测Rs大于随钻测量Rs。时移电阻率测井对比识别法就是利用含有不同性质流体的储层被油基钻井液滤液驱替后、表现出不同的电性变化特征进行流体识别。
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图 2 地层刚钻开和钻开一段时间后的井筒环境Figure 2. Wellbore environments after penetrating the formation soon and drilling for a while为了进一步说明时移电阻率测井对比识别法的技术原理，分别分析了探测深度与被探测地层电阻率的关系，以及油基钻井液滤液侵入不同地层后的电阻率变化特征。
首先用Schlumberger公司的ARC随钻电阻率测井仪（以下简称ARC测井仪）分析探测深度与被探测地层电阻率的关系。该仪器有5个源距（406.4，558.8，711.2，863.6和1 016.0 mm）的发射器，采用2种发射频率（400 kHz和2 MHz），所以可以获得20条电阻率曲线（10条相位电阻率和10条衰减电阻率）。其中，发射频率为2 MHz时，ARC测井仪探测深度与地层相位电阻率的关系曲线如图3所示。
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图 3 P16H探测深度与被探测地层电阻率的关系曲线Figure 3. Relationship curve between P16H detection depth and the resistivity of measured formation由图3可知，P16H（源距为406.4 mm，频率为2 MHz的相位电阻率）探测深度最小，但其探测深度与地层电阻率相关，电阻率越高，探测深度越大。由于油基钻井液滤液侵入深度小，所以可以利用P16H电阻率的变化率分析侵入深度。
然后分析油基钻井液滤液分别侵入油气层、水层、含油气水层和干层后，冲洗带电阻率的变化情况。对于油气层，油气和油基钻井液滤液都是不导电的流体介质，油基滤液侵入地层后，地层电阻率基本不变；对于水层、含油气水层或同层，油基钻井液滤液侵入后会减小导电流体（水）的体积，导致储层的电阻率升高。实际复测时，同时测量砂岩储层及上下泥质围岩的电阻率，由于泥岩为非渗透性层，所以随钻实时电阻率和复测电阻率保持一致，通过使围岩电阻率重合，就可以确定砂岩储层电阻率的变化。钻井液滤液的侵入深度与储层物性、井筒过平衡压差、侵入时间及钻井液特性都有关系。例如，西湖凹陷某区域的典型低孔低渗储层，孔隙度为9%～18%，渗透率为1～50 mD，在较大正压差和较长完钻时间下的侵入深度一般较大。而致密层由于储层物性太差，滤液基本无侵入，所以地层电阻率基本不变。不同地层的具体变化特征见表2（其中，P16H实时，指P16H随钻实时电阻率；P16H复测，指P16H复测电阻率）。
表 2 油基钻井液滤液侵入不同地层后的电阻率变化特征Table 2. Characteristics of resistivity change after oil-based drilling fluid filtrate invaded different formations地层类型 钻井液滤液侵入情况 电阻率变化情况 ARC测井仪测量结果 油气层 一定压差下侵入 不变 P16H实时≈P16H复测 水层 一定压差下侵入 升高 P16H实时<P16H复测 含油气水层或同层 一定压差下侵入 升高 P16H实时<P16H复测 致密层 基本无侵入 不变 P16H实时≈P16H复测 3. 现场应用
时移电阻率测井对比识别法在西湖凹陷X1井和X2井进行了应用，均取得了成功，证明该方法可行且有效。
X1井4 450.00～4 475.00 m井段钻遇油气显示层，电阻率最高50 Ω·m，气测全量Tg最高12.0%，岩性为长石细砂岩，孔隙度为9%～11%，渗透率为1～5 mD，参照邻井信息，初步判断该层为气层。对该层进行了随钻电阻率复测，结果如图4所示。图4中，第五道“电阻率对比”指P16H随钻实时电阻率（P16H实时）与P16H复测电阻率（P16H 复测）的对比；P16H复测值大于P16H实时值（对应部分进行了蓝色充填），表明该层为非纯气层，存在一定量的可动水，或者说在该井钻井液过平衡压差约6.9 MPa的条件下，储层孔隙中的部分水可以流动。
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图 4 X1井随钻电阻率实时值与复测值的对比Figure 4. Comparison on the resistivity while drilling real-time measurement and the re-tested value in Well X1X1井完钻后，在井深4 471.50 m处进行了电缆地层测试泵抽取样（MDT仪器），泵抽至45 min时，通过井下流体识别仪IFA开始观察到地层天然气流体，流线中的成分主要为天然气和油基钻井液；泵抽至160 min时，泵抽压差增大至4.13 MPa，流线出现了明显的地层水信号，说明在该压差下一部分毛细管水开始流动，转变为可动水。泵抽结束时，流线中水的体积比约为17%，该结果与电阻率复测分析结果完全一致（如图5所示）。这说明该层有一部分毛细管水在压差大于4.13 MPa时是可以流动的，可以称这部分水为弱束缚水；后续进行地层测试或开发时，生产压差应小于4.13 MPa，否则会导致地层出水，影响天然气产能。
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图 5 X1井井深4 471.50 m MDT泵抽流体性质综合识别Figure 5. Comprehensive identification of 4 471.50 m MDT pumping fluids properties in Well X1X2井与X1井处于同一构造带，应用油基钻井液钻进。该井4 317.00～4 336.00 m井段钻遇油气显示层，岩性为长石细砂岩，孔隙度为10%～15%，渗透率为1～10 mD。储层上部电阻率约24 Ω·m，气测全量Tg最高约6.0%；储层下部电阻率为13 Ω·m，气测全量Tg约为2.8%。与邻区同层位油气层相比，该层整体电阻率较低，认为该层未达到纯油气层的标准，为此进行了电阻率随钻与复测对比，结果如图6所示。该井钻井液过平衡压差为7.13 MPa。图6中，第五道为P16H实时值和复测值的对比结果，可以看出井深4 330.00 m以浅的P16H实时值与P16H复测值一致，说明该层不含可动水，为纯油气层；井深4 330.00 m以深的P16H复测值明显大于P16H实时值，说明该层含可动水，推测为气水同层。
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图 6 X2井随钻电阻率实时值与复测值的对比Figure 6. Comparison on the resistivity while drilling real-time measurement and the re-tested value in Well X2完钻后，X2井在井深4 321.20和4 333.00 m处分别进行了MDT泵抽取样。井深4 321.20 m处泵抽压差约13.8 MPa，泵抽时间为115 min，证实为纯轻质油层，不含水；井深4 333.00 m处泵抽压差为18.3 MPa，泵抽时间为120 min，后期含水率为60%，证实为油水同层，流体性质识别具体情况如图7所示。该井的泵抽结果与电阻率复测对比分析结果完全一致，再次证明了该方法的可行性和有效性。
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图 7 X2井井深4 321.20和4 333.00 m MDT泵抽流体性质综合识别Figure 7. Comprehensive identification of MDT pumping fluid properties at 4 321.20 and 4 333.00 m in Well X24. 结论与建议
1）油基钻井液滤液侵入地层后，对储层中原有流体有一定驱替作用，从而引起储层电性特征的变化，通过对比该变化情况，就能够对储层中原有流体性质进行分析判断。
2）低孔低渗储层岩性和孔隙结构复杂，仅仅依靠对比电阻率的高低或者邻区经验识别流体的性质很难得到准确的结果。油基钻井液条件下利用时移电阻率测井对比识别法，可以快速识别低孔低渗储层的流体性质，现场应用也验证了该方法具有较高的准确性。
3）时移电阻率测井对比识别法具有较好的通用性，只要使用随钻电阻率和油基钻井液均可进行借鉴，特别是对于一些新区探井，该方法能够快速识别流体性质，为后续作业选择提供指导，提高作业效率并节省成本。
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