Development Trends and Prospects of Less-Water Hydraulic Fracturing Technology
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摘要: 针对常规水力压裂用水量大、无水压裂难以达到高砂液比和泡沫压裂难以形成复杂裂缝等问题，提出了少水压裂技术的概念，即充分利用水力压裂、无水压裂和泡沫压裂的技术优势，在满足压裂造缝体积要求的基础上，最大限度地减少用水量。重点介绍了超临界二氧化碳与低黏度滑溜水复合破岩技术、基于多因素的多簇裂缝均衡延伸控制技术、造缝及携砂全程加砂技术和压裂后返排及生产全生命周期管理等少水压裂关键技术，给出了大幅度提高压裂液的造缝效率、最大限度提高多尺度水力裂缝的砂液比和应用微泡沫压裂液等少水压裂关键工艺。少水压裂技术的提出，对国内压裂思路转变和开发效果提升具有较强的理论价值和现实指导意义。Abstract: In view of the large water consumption in conventional hydraulic fracturing, the rare implementation for waterless fracturing to reach high sand liquid ratio, and the difficulty in forming complex fractures with foam fracturing, the concept of a less-water hydraulic fracturing technology was proposed. Making full use of the technical advantages of hydraulic fracturing, waterless fracturing and foam fracturing, less-water hydraulic fracturing can reduce the water consumption to the maximum on the basis of satisfying the fracture volume. This paper mainly introduces the key technologies of less-water hydraulic fracturing including the composite rock breaking technology of supercritical carbon dioxide and low-viscosity slick water, balanced extension control technology for multi-cluster fractures based on multiple factors, sand adding technology during the fracture creating and sand carrying process, and flowback and production life-circle management technology, etc. According to these technologies, key methods of less-water hydraulic fracturing were proposed, such as remarkable enhancement of the fracturing fluids’ facture creating efficiency, maximal improvement of the sand liquid ratio in the multi-scale hydraulic fractures and the application of micro-foam fracturing fluid, etc. The proposal of less-water hydraulic fracturing technology has strong theoretical value and significance in idea change of fracturing and development effect enhancement in China.
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图 1 页岩水化后的抗压强度和抗拉强度测试结果
Figure 1. Compressive and tensile strength test results of shale after hydration
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图 3 不同初滤失量和相对造壁滤失系数下的压裂液体积对比
Figure 3. Fracturing fluid volume under different spurt loss amount and relative wall-building filtration coefficient
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图 4 稳泡剂SFFRD-3分子结构设计
Figure 4. Molecular structure design of persistent foam stabilizer SFFRD-3
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图 5 不同起泡剂在不同加量下的泡沫质量
Figure 5. Foam quality under different dosages for different foaming agent
表 1 不同压裂流体对岩样破裂压力的影响试验结果
Table 1 Experimental results of the influence of different fracturingfluids on the fracture pressure of rock samples
岩样编号 压裂介质 应力差/
MPa围压/
MPa排量/
（mL·min−1）破裂压力/
MPaSC-4 超临界CO2 3 25 1.2 34.5 L-6 液态CO2 3 25 1.2 25.5 W-11 滑溜水 3 25 1.2 51.4 P-1 CO2泡沫 3 25 1.2 43.0 
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