Key Drilling/Completion Technologies and Development Trends in the Efficient Development of Shale Oil
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摘要:
近年来美国的页岩油产量急剧增长，页岩油钻井完井技术也呈现出一些新的特点和动向。为了给我国页岩油高效勘探开发提供参考和借鉴，分析了国内外页岩油的勘探开发现状，介绍了实现页岩油经济高效开发所采用的关键钻井完井技术，包括储层甜点评价与识别技术、长水平段水平井技术、高密度分段压裂技术、物探–地质–工程一体化技术和大数据分析与工程优化技术等，并结合页岩油经济高效开发面临的挑战及我国页岩油的勘探开发现状，提出了适应我国页岩油储层高效开发的钻井完井关键技术及发展方向，以指导我国页岩油的经济高效开发，保障国家能源安全。
Abstract:In recent years, shale oil production in the United States has increased dramatically, in large part due to new features and trends in shale oil drilling/completion. In order to provide references and experiences for the efficient E & P of shale oil in China, this paper analyzes the current status of shale oil E & P at home and abroad, and introduces the key drilling/completion technologies used to boost the economical and efficient development of shale oil. The new trends include significant improvements in reservoir sweet spot evaluation and identification, the ability to extend long lateral horizontal well development, increases in high-density staged fracturing, an analytics-led geophysical-geological-reservoir-engineering integration, and engineering optimization using big data analysis. According to the challenges in the economical and efficient development of shale oil, as well as the current status of shale oil E & P in China, this paper also proposes the development directions of key shale oil drilling/completion technologies. This study suggests that the proposal of those key technologies and development directions suitable for domestic shale oil reservoirs is of great significance for the economic and efficient development of shale oil in China, and for national energy security.
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图 1 2010—2016年间钻井完井参数、单井初始产量和单位体积页岩油成本变化趋势
Figure 1. Variation trends of drilling and completion parameters, initial production per well and cost per unit volume of shale oil from 2010 to 2016
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图 2 地质甜点和工程甜点结合优化作业参数示意
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of operating parameters optimization by combining geological sweet spots with engineering sweet spots
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图 3 页岩油丛式水平井立体开发变化趋势
Figure 3. Variation trends of the stereoscopic development of clustered shale oil horizontal wells
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图 4 暂堵剂封堵主裂缝入口实现转向
Figure 4. Diversion achieved by blocking the main fracture entrance with temporary plugging agent
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图 5 物探–地质–工程一体化工作流程
Figure 5. Workflow of geophysical-geological-engineering integration
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图 6 2012—2016年Bakken页岩油产区油井产量递减曲线
Figure 6. Production decline curves of oil wells in Bakken shale oil area from 2012 to 2016
表 1 ConocoPhillips公司2013—2017年在Eagle Ford页岩油产区压裂设计的变化情况
Table 1 Changes in Eagle Ford shale fracturing design used by ConocoPhillips from 2013 to 2017
年份 压裂级数 段间距/m 射孔簇/簇 簇间距/m 加砂密度/(t·m–1) 压裂砂类型 压裂液体系 2012 15 100 5 20.0 1.12 石英砂或覆膜砂 凝胶 2015 25 60 8 7.5 3.14 石英砂 滑溜水+凝胶 2017 30 50 11 4.5 4.63 石英砂 滑溜水+凝胶 
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表 2 Bakken页岩油22口重复压裂井的统计数据
Table 2 Statistics on 22 re-fracturing Bakken shale oil wells
序号 压裂
时机1）/月压裂后初始产
量与首次压裂
初始产量之比压裂后产量递
减率与首次压
裂递减率之比预计最终累计采出量比 1 38 0.92 0.61 2.85 2 32 2.13 1.11 1.61 3 43 0.54 0.82 1.45 4 32 0.83 0.70 1.87 5 31 0.33 0.73 1.27 6 24 0.54 0.91 1.17 7 30 0.52 0.98 1.16 8 21 0.57 0.90 1.16 9 39 0.38 0.67 1.37 10 26 0.80 0.80 1.72 11 39 1.12 1.03 1.33 12 37 0.54 0.64 1.61 13 37 0.60 0.79 1.65 14 75 1.12 0.97 1.70 15 48 0.21 0.77 1.09 16 51 0.35 0.59 1.38 17 60 0.31 0.57 1.38 18 46 0.83 0.61 2.96 19 59 3.16 1.55 1.86 20 64 2.09 1.21 1.45 21 36 1.01 0.79 2.73 22 60 1.27 0.81 2.51 注：1）压裂时机指油井生产到某月时对其进行压裂。
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表 3 加拿大阿尔伯塔Montney页岩油区块压裂参数
Table 3 Fracturing parameters of the Montney shale oil block in Alberta, Canada
井组
编号井数 垂深/
m测深/
m压裂液及用水量 压裂
级数支撑剂
含量，%压裂液 用水量/m3 1 18 1 835 3 710 油+10%N2 0 23 24 2 5 1 828 3 592 水+10%N2 785 22 20 3 1 2 043 3 756 油+10%N2 0 21 20 4 6 1 916 3 729 水 642 17 25 5 4 1 917 3 790 水+20%N2 274 20 32 6 2 2 077 3 630 水 456 17 19 7 1 2 079 3 400 水+20%N2 198 16 34 8 1 1 966 3 672 油+10%N2 0 18 30 9 4 2 182 3 789 油+10%N2 0 19 30
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表 4 Bakken页岩油产区各区块的建井成本
Table 4 Well construction costs for each block in the Bakken shale oil area
区块 建井成本/万美元 钻井 完井 地面设施 总计 Elm Coulee 240 440 60 740 Parshall 240 480 60 780 Periphery 240 490 60 790 New Fairway 260 480 60 800
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