Cementing Technology Using a Nitrogen-Filled Foamed Cement Slurry for Horizontal Shale Gas Wells in the Eastern Chongqing Area
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摘要: 为了解决渝东地区常压页岩气水平井用生产套管固井时易漏及分段压裂后环空带压的技术难点，研究了机械充氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术。通过优选发泡剂、稳泡剂，设计了泡沫低密度水泥浆；基于高压气体状态方程，进行了泡沫水泥浆全过程平衡压力及浆柱结构设计，建立了井筒压力条件下的泡沫水泥浆密度计算模型，形成了机械充氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术。泡沫低密度水泥浆的密度调整范围为0.80～1.55 kg/L，水泥浆中泡沫的半衰周期为33.8 h，泡沫水泥石的弹性模量为4.6 GPa。泡沫水泥石在循环载荷测试条件下的残余应变为0.21%，具有良好的力学性能；采用全过程平衡压力固井技术和分段注气泡沫低密度水泥浆注结构设计方法，能满足固井防漏要求。渝东地区20口常压页岩气水平井应用了机械充氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术，固井过程中未发生漏失，固井质量优良率100%，且压裂后未出现环空带压现象。研究和现场应用表明，采用机械充氮泡沫水泥浆固井技术可以解决渝东地区常压页岩气水平井生产套管固井时的漏失问题，且泡沫水泥石具有良好的弹性变形性能，能够防止压裂后环空带压。Abstract: Normal pressure horizontal shale gas wells in the eastern Chongqing area are prone to leakage during the process of production casing cementing, and often encounter sustained casing pressure (SCP) after staged fracturing. To solve these technical difficulties, this paper studied the cementing technology of mechanical nitrogen-filled foamed cement slurry. Foaming agents and foam stabilizers were selected in the design of low-density foamed cement slurry. Based on the high-pressure gas equation of state, the whole-process pressure balancing of foamed cement slurry and the design of the slurry column structure were performed, and a density calculation model of foamed cement slurry under wellbore pressure was built. In this way, a cementing technology using mechanical nitrogen-filled foamed cement slurry was developed. Specifically, the density of low-density foamed cement slurry ranged from 0.80 to 1.55 kg/L, and the half-life of foam in cement slurry was 33.8 h, with the elastic modulus of foamed cement paste being 4.6 GPa. The residual strain of foamed cement paste under cyclic loading was 0.21%, which demonstrated its good mechanical properties. The whole-process pressure-balancing cementing technology and the slurry column structure design of low-density foamed cement with staged gas injection could meet the requirements of cementing for leakage prevention. When the technology was applied to 20 horizontal shale gas wells in the eastern Chongqing area, no leakage occurred during the construction process, with an excellent rate of cementing quality of 100%, and there was no SCP after fracturing. Research and field applications indicate that the cementing technology using mechanical nitrogen-filled foamed cement slurry can solve the leakage problem of horizontal shale gas wells in the eastern Chongqing area during the production casing cementing, and the foamed cement paste has good elastic deformation, which can prevent SCP after fracturing.
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图 1 平桥南区块龙马溪组页岩微观裂缝
Figure 1. Shale microfractures in Longmaxi Formation of Pingqiaonan Block
图 3 连续加载条件下不同水泥石的弹性模量
Figure 3. Elastic modulus of different cement pastes under continuous loading
图 4 循环载荷下泡沫水泥石的应力–应变曲线
Figure 4. Stress-strain curve of foamed cement paste under cyclic loading
图 5 机械充氮泡沫水泥浆固井设备连接示意
Figure 5. Equipment connection for cementing of mechanical nitrogen-filled foamed cement slurry
图 6 注替过程中的动态压力监测结果
Figure 6. Dynamic pressure monitoring results during injection and displacement
图 7 焦页207-1HF井超低密度泡沫水泥浆封固井段的固井质量
Figure 7. Cementing quality of the cementing section in Well Jiaoye 207-1HF with ultra-low density foamed cement slurry
表 1 发泡剂和稳泡剂加量优化
Table 1. Dosage optimization of foaming agents and foam stabilizers
发泡剂种类 发泡剂加量，% 稳泡剂种类 稳泡剂加量，% 半衰期/h 静切力/Pa 93 ℃ 110 ℃ 蛋白质发泡剂 1.0 高分子稳泡剂 0.6 4.2 1.6 3 2.0 1.0 18.6 9.1 5 高分子发泡剂 1.0 高温稳泡剂 0.6 12.5 10.9 6 2.0 0.6 36.5 33.8 13 
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表 2 泡沫水泥浆的流变参数
Table 2. Rheological properties of foamed cement slurry
配方 黏度计读数 n K/（Pa·sn) Φ600 Φ300 Φ200 Φ100 Φ6 Φ3 1 >300 255 190 121 15 10 0.71 1.51 2 232 120 95 56 10 7 0.65 1.14
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表 3 渝东地区常压页岩气水平井固井防漏防窜浆柱结构设计
Table 3. Slurry column structure design for leakage and channeling prevention of cementing in horizontal shale gas wells under ordinary pressure in the eastern Chongqing area
序号 浆体 密度/（kg·L−1） 井筒位置 1 钻井液 1.30～1.35 0~400 m 2 低密度泡沫水泥浆 1.25～1.32 400~1 500 m 3 低密度泡沫水泥浆 1.32～1.37 1 500 m至技术套管鞋以浅300 m 4 弹韧性水泥浆 1.88～1.90 技术套管鞋以浅300 m至技术套管鞋以深100 m 5 泡沫水泥浆 1.55～1.60 技术套管鞋以深100 m
至A靶点6 弹韧性水泥浆 1.88～1.90 A靶点以深地层
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表 4 焦页207-1HF井机械充氮泡沫水泥浆注气参数设计
Table 4. Parameter design of gas injection for mechanical nitrogen-filled foam cement slurry in Well Jiaoye 207-1HF
段序 井深/m 水泥浆排量/
（m3·min−1）水泥浆用量/
m3氮气与水泥浆体积比 氮气排量/
（m3·min−1）水泥浆井下密度/
（kg·L−1）1 0～400 1.35（钻井液） 2 400～1500 1.2 12.80 65.0 78.0 1.30（平均） 3 1500～2100 1.0 10.50 83.0 83.0 1.32 2100～2900 0.8 14.50 106.3 85.0 1.37 4 3000～4100 1.3 24.20 67.0 87.1 1.60 5 4100～5966 1.4 52.24 1.88
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