High-Performance Oil-Based Drilling Fluid Technology for Horizontal Wells in the Madong Oilfield, Junggar Basin
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摘要: 准噶尔盆地玛东油田水平井造斜段和水平段存在因泥岩水化、压力异常和砂砾层多而造成的起下钻阻卡、井眼失稳和机械钻速低等问题，为此开展了高性能油基钻井液技术研究。根据玛东油田的储层特征和中长水平段的钻进要求，配制了XZ高性能油基钻井液，并通过室内试验评价了其加重、抗高温、提切、封堵承压、抗污染和抗冻等性能。试验结果显示：该油基钻井液密度在1.35～2.01 kg/L时流变性能稳定、切力可调；热、冻稳定性好，低温可至–24 ℃，高温可达180 ℃；乳化稳定性好，破乳电压普遍在1 000 V以上；抗污染能力强，可抗20%钻屑、20%地层水和10%水泥的污染；封堵能力强，分别采用孔径为120和150 μm的砂盘进行承压封堵时，承压均可达15 MPa。该钻井液在玛东油田4口井进行了应用，钻井过程中井眼稳定，造斜段井径扩大率仅3.55%，起下钻顺利，平均机械钻速较同层位水基钻井液提高79%，取得了显著的提速效果。研究结果表明，采用XZ高性能油基钻井液可以解决玛东油田砂砾岩储层水平井钻井中存在的问题，满足该油田长水平段安全快速钻井需求。Abstract: The build-up section and horizontal section drilling in horizontal wells of the Madong Oilfield, Junggar Basin was challenged by problems such as pipe-string sticking during trip operations, wellbore instability, and low ROP caused by the hydration of mudstone, abnormal pressure, and an abundance of glutenites. Therefore, high-performance oil-based drilling fluid was accordingly investigated. Based on the reservoir characteristics of the Madong Oilfield and the drilling requirements of the medium-long horizontal sections, XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid was hereby formulated, and indoor laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate its weighting, temperature resistance, shear strength improving, sealing/pressure-bearing, anti-pollution and anti-freezing performances. The results showed that this oil-based drilling fluid system exhibited stable rheological properties and an adjustable shear force between the density of 1.35–2.01 kg/L. The new fluid exhibited good thermal and freezing stability, low temperature resistance of up to –24 ℃, and high temperature resistance of up to 180 ℃. The emulsification stability was good, and the demulsification voltage was generally above 1 000 V. The anti-pollution ability was strong, the anti-cuttings pollution concentration was ≥20.0%, the anti-formation water pollution concentration was ≥20.0%, and the anti-cement pollution concentration was ≥10.0%. Further, the new drilling fluid system had strong sealing ability. When using sand discs with a diameter of 120 and 150 μm for pressure-bearing sealing, the pressure-resistance of both discs could reach 15 MPa. This system was applied in 4 of the wells in the Madong Oilfield. After the application of the new fluid, perfect borehole stability was achieved, the hole enlargement rate of the build-up section was only 3.55%, the trip operation was completed smoothly, and the average ROP was 79.0% higher than that of the same horizon drilled with water-based drilling fluid. A remarkable drilling speed-up effect was observed. The research results showed that the application of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid can solve the technical problems in the development of the glutenite reservoirs in the Madong Oilfield and satisfy the needs of safe and fast drilling in the long horizontal section of this oilfield.
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图 1 XZ高性能油基钻井液抗岩屑污染评价结果
Figure 1. Evaluation of cuttings pollution resistant of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid
图 2 XZ高性能油基钻井液抗地层水污染性能评价结果
Figure 2. Evaluation of formation water pollution resistance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid
图 3 XZ高性能油基钻井液抗水泥污染性能评价结果
Figure 3. Evaluation of cement pollution resistance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid
表 1 XZ高性能油基钻井液的加重性能评价结果
Table 1. Evaluation of the weighting performance of XZ high- performance oil-based drilling fluid
密度/
（kg·L–1）试验条件 表观黏度/
（mPa·s）塑性黏度/
（mPa·s）动切力/Pa 静切力/Pa 高温高压
滤失量/mL破乳电压/
V初切 终切 1.35 老化前 30.0 24.0 6.0 3.0 7.0 1 022 老化后 31.0 25.0 6.0 3.5 6.6 2.2 1 132 1.55 老化前 37.0 30.0 7.0 2.0 5.0 1 103 老化后 38.0 30.0 8.0 3.0 5.0 2.4 1 308 1.80 老化前 50.0 42.0 8.0 3.0 5.0 1 054 老化后 51.0 42.0 9.0 3.0 7.0 2.4 1 277 2.01 老化前 60.5 51.0 9.5 4.0 7.0 874 老化后 63.0 54.0 9.0 4.5 7.0 2.8 1 067 注：老化条件为120 ℃×16 h，流变性测试温度为50 ℃，高温高压滤失量的测试温度为老化温度。 
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表 2 XZ高性能油基钻井液的抗高温性能评价结果
Table 2. Evaluation of temperature resistance performance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid
老化温度/
℃表观黏度/
（mPa·s）塑性黏度/
（mPa·s）动切力/
Pa静切力/Pa 高温高压
滤失量/mL破乳电压/
V初切 终切 120 38.0 30.0 8.0 3.0 6.0 2.4 1 350 150 39.0 30.0 9.0 3.0 7.0 2.8 1 312 180 41.0 32.0 9.0 3.0 8.0 3.4 1 098 注：老化时间为16 h，流变性能的测试温度为50 ℃，高温高压滤失量的测试温度为老化温度。
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表 3 XZ高性能油基钻井液的提切性能评价结果
Table 3. Evaluation of shear strength improving performance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid
配方 试验条件 表观黏度/
（mPa·s）塑性黏度/
（mPa·s）动切力/Pa 静切力/Pa 高温高压滤失量/
mL破乳电压/V 初切 终切 基浆 老化前 28.5 25.0 3.5 1.0 4.5 1 455 老化16 h 30.5 29.0 1.5 2.0 6.5 2.6 1 530 老化72 h 29.5 27.0 2.5 2.0 4.5 2.8 1 490 基浆+0.5%
提切剂老化前 33.5 28.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 1 611 老化16 h 32.0 26.0 6.0 3.5 8.0 2.4 1 900 老化72 h 34.0 28.0 6.0 4.0 8.0 2.6 1 950 注：基浆为没有加提切剂的XZ高性能油基钻井液；老化温度为120 ℃，流变性能的测试温度为50 ℃，高温高压滤失量的测试温度为老化温度。
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表 4 未加防漏承压材料XZ高性能油基钻井液的封堵承压性能评价结果
Table 4. Evaluation of the sealing and pressure bearing performance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid free of anti-leakage/pressure-bearing additives
时间/min 不同孔径砂盘的高温高压滤失量/mL 不同孔径砂盘的承压能力/MPa 20 μm 40 μm 55 μm 120 μm 150 μm 20 μm 40 μm 55 μm 120 μm 150 μm 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 39.2 全滤失 15.0 15.0 15.0 3.0 0 2.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 72.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 3.8 5.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 75.4 15.0 15.0 15.0 4.5 7.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 86.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 5.0 15.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 110.6 15.0 15.0 15.0 6.8 25.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 131.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 5.5 30.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 166.4 15.0 15.0 15.0 8.0 40.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 178.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 7.8 50.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 201.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 8.8 60.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 231.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 9.0 注：老化条件为120 ℃×16 h，流变性测试温度为50 ℃，高温高压滤失量测试温度为老化温度。
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表 5 加入防漏承压材料后XZ高性能油基钻井液的封堵承压性能评价结果
Table 5. Evaluation of sealing and pressure bearing performance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid after adding anti-leakage/pressure-bearing additives
时间/min 不同孔径砂盘的高温高压滤失量/mL 不同孔径砂盘的承压能力/MPa 20 μm 40 μm 55 μm 120 μm 150 μm 20 μm 40 μm 55 μm 120 μm 150 μm 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4 1.6 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.5 8.0 2.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 4.4 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.5 5.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 10.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 13.5 7.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 18.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 20.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 25.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 20.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 30.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 21.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 40.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 23.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 50.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 25.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 60.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 3.4 26.8 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 注：老化条件为120 ℃×16 h，流变性测试温度为50 ℃，高温高压滤失量测试温度为老化温度。
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表 6 XZ高性能油基钻井液抗低温性能评价结果
Table 6. Evaluation of low temperature resistance performance of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid
温度/℃ 试验条件 表观黏度/
（mPa·s）塑性黏度/
（mPa·s）动切力/Pa 静切力/Pa 高温高压
滤失量/mL破乳电压/
V初切 终切 120 老化前 37.0 30.0 7.0 3.0 6.0 1 018 老化16 h后 39.5 32.0 7.5 3.5 6.0 2.2 985 –24 冷冻72 h，0 ℃测 125.0 120.0 5.0 5.0 7.5 1.8 869 冷冻72 h，50 ℃测 45.0 36.0 9.0 4.0 7.0 1.8 1 243 注：高温高压滤失量测试温度为120 ℃。
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表 7 4口应用井XZ高性能油基钻井液基本性能
Table 7. Performance statistics of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluids in 4 wells of 2 platforms
井号 密度/（kg·L–1） 漏斗黏度/s 塑性黏度/
(mPa·s)动切力/Pa 静切力/Pa 高温高压
滤失量/mL破乳电压/V ϕ6读数 初切 终切 MDHW2107 1.50～1.55 52.0～68.0 25.0～30.0 4.0～9.0 1.0～4.0 4.0～10.0 1.2～1.8 1120～2047 4～7 MDHW2114 1.50～1.55 58.0～70.0 25.0～29.0 6.0～10.0 1.0～3.0 4.0～11.0 1.6～2.0 1350～2047 5～7 MDHW2108 1.50～1.55 58.0～64.0 26.0～34.0 8.0～12.0 2.0～3.5 7.0～12.0 1.4～2.0 610～2047 3～7 MDHW2109 1.50～1.55 68.0～76.0 26.0～32.0 7.0～11.0 2.0～3.0 8.0～12.0 0.5～1.2 936～2047 3～7 注：高温高压滤失量测试温度为120 ℃。
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表 8 XZ高性能油基钻井液与常规水基钻井液现场应用效果对比
Table 8. Comparison on the application effects of XZ high-performance oil-based drilling fluid and the conventional water-based drilling fluids
钻井液 机械钻速/(m·h–1) 钻井周期/d 造斜段 水平段 常规水基钻井液 1.93 3.75 65.5 XZ高性能油基钻井液 3.30 7.02 38.0
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